Preparation and Evaluation of Phenol Formaldehyde-Montmorillonite and Its Utilization in the Adsorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution.

In this study, phenol formaldehyde-montmorillonite (PF-MMT) was prepared and used for lead ion (Pb) adsorption. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions. The calculated adsorption equilibrium () revealed that pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir isotherm models best fit the experimental data, suggesting chemisorption as the main mechanism.