The ACE1 secondary metabolite gene cluster is a pathogenicity factor of wheat blast fungus.

Wheat blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae pathotype Triticum is now becoming a very serious threat to global food security. Here, we report an essential pathogenicity factor of the wheat blast fungus that is recognized and may be targeted by a rice resistance gene. Map-based cloning of Pwt2 showed that its functional allele is the ACE1 secondary metabolite gene cluster of the wheat blast fungus required for its efficient penetration of wheat cell walls.

Evolution of wheat blast resistance gene Rmg8 accompanied by differentiation of variants recognizing the powdery mildew fungus.

Wheat blast, a devastating disease having spread recently from South America to Asia and Africa, is caused by Pyricularia oryzae (synonym of Magnaporthe oryzae) pathotype Triticum, which first emerged in Brazil in 1985. Rmg8 and Rmg7, genes for resistance to wheat blast found in common wheat and tetraploid wheat, respectively, recognize the same avirulence gene, AVR-Rmg8. Here we show that an ancestral resistance gene, which had obtained an ability to recognize AVR-Rmg8 before the differentiation of Triticum and Aegilops, has expanded its target pathogens.

, a Novel Wheat Blast Resistance Gene Derived from .

Wheat blast, caused by (syn. ) pathotype (MoT), is a devastating disease that can result in up to 100% yield loss in affected fields. To find new resistance genes against wheat blast, we screened 199 accessions of , the D genome progenitor of common wheat (), by seedling inoculation assays with Brazilian MoT isolate Br48 and found 14 resistant accessions.

Breeding of a Near-Isogenic Wheat Line Resistant to Wheat Blast at Both Seedling and Heading Stages Through Incorporation of .

Wheat blast caused by pathotype (MoT) has been transmitted from South America to Bangladesh and Zambia and is now spreading in these countries. To prepare against its further spread to Asian countries, we introduced , a gene for resistance to wheat blast, into a Japanese elite cultivar, Chikugoizumi (ChI), through recurrent backcrosses and established ChI near-isogenic lines, #2-1-10 with the / genotype and #4-2-10 with the / genotype. A molecular analysis suggested that at least 96.

Identification of in Tetraploid Wheat as a New Blast Resistance Gene with Tolerance to High Temperature.

Wheat blast caused by pathotype has spread to Asia (Bangladesh) and Africa (Zambia) from the endemic region of South America. Wheat varieties with durable resistance are needed, but very limited resistance resources are currently available. After screening tetraploid wheat accessions, we found an exceptional accession St19 (, KU-114).

Influence of the new dispersible fixed-dose combination anti-Tuberculosis drug on treatment adherence among children with Tuberculosis in Osun State, Nigeria.

Background: The dispersible fixed-dose combination drug has been recommended as the mainstay of treatment for TB in children. However, more needs to be known about its effect on treatment. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the formulation on treatment adherence among children with TB.

Challenges in engaging the private sector for tuberculosis prevention and care in Nigeria: a mixed methods study.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the practices of private practitioners regarding tuberculosis (TB), and to ascertain factors related to the low contribution of private healthcare providers to TB prevention and care in Nigeria.

Design: This is a mixed methods study comprising a quantitative retrospective review and qualitative study.

Setting: Private health facilities (HF) in Oyo State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.

Correction: Genomic surveillance uncovers a pandemic clonal lineage of the wheat blast fungus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.

Loss of , Located on a Supernumerary Chromosome, Is Associated with Parasitic Specialization of on Wheat.

, a blast fungus of gramineous plants, is composed of various host genus-specific pathotypes. The avirulence of an isolate on wheat is conditioned by and . We isolated the third avirulence gene from the isolate and designated it as .

A wheat kinase and immune receptor form host-specificity barriers against the blast fungus.

Since emerging in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast has spread throughout South America and recently appeared in Bangladesh and Zambia. Here we show that two wheat resistance genes, Rwt3 and Rwt4, acting as host-specificity barriers against non-Triticum blast pathotypes encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptor and a tandem kinase, respectively. Molecular isolation of these genes will enable study of the molecular interaction between pathogen effector and host resistance genes.

Burden of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents' Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study among Secondary School Students in North-Central Nigeria.

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused millions of mortalities globally. Although the prevalence and fatality rates of COVID-19 among adolescents is low, its impact on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is not adequately known. This study was carried out to determine the burden COVID-19 pandemic has on the HRQoL of adolescents.

Improving TB case notification and treatment coverage through data use.

Background: This was a study on national TB data.

Objective: To assess improvement in TB case notification and treatment coverage through improved data use for action in Nigeria.

Design: We analysed pre- and post-intervention secondary TB programme data comprising data on increased supervisory visits, incentives for health workers, DOTS expansion, outreaches and geo-code monitoring.

Novel insights into host specificity of Pyricularia oryzae and Pyricularia grisea in the infection of gramineous plant roots.

Pyricularia oryzae and Pyricularia grisea are pathogens that cause blast disease in various monocots. It has been reported that P. oryzae infects the leaves and roots of rice via different mechanisms.

Predictors of tuberculosis knowledge among mothers of under-fives, seen at Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos Nigeria.

Introduction: Globally, tuberculosis still remains a disease of public health concern and accounts for high morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries, where it is fuelled by a number of factors.

Methodology: Through a cross-sectional descriptive study, this study aims to determine the predictors of knowledge about TB among 261 mothers of children under 5 years of age attending Child Welfare Clinic, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Results: The mean age of the mothers was 31.

MLP-PG1, a major latex-like protein identified in Cucurbita pepo, confers resistance through the induction of pathogenesis-related genes.

Main Conclusion: MLP-PG1, identified in Cucurbita pepo, plays a crucial role in resistance against fungal pathogens through the induction of pathogenesis-related genes.

Astract: MLP-PG1, a major latex-like protein (MLP) from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), was identified as a transporting factor for hydrophobic organic pollutants. MLPs are members of the Bet v 1 family, similar to pathogenesis-related class 10 proteins (PR-10s).

Origin and Dynamics of , a Wheat Gene for Resistance to Nonadapted Pathotypes of .

Avirulence of isolates of on common wheat is conditioned by at least five avirulence genes. One is corresponding to resistance gene located on chromosome 1D. We identified a resistance gene corresponding to a second avirulence gene, , and named it ().

Comparing Antenatal and Delivery Care Services in Public and Private Health Facilities: Evidence from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey.

Background: There have been calls for privatisation of public health facilities to improve quality of care received. The study compared antenatal and delivery services received in public and private health facilities in Nigeria.

Methods: The study was based on 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data collected from women aged 15-49 years, concerning their pregnancy and delivery.

Pattern and Predictors of Tobacco Use Among Undergraduates in Three Tertiary Institutions in North-Western Nigeria.

Background: Tobacco use is associated with medical, social and economic problems. There is paucity of data on tobacco use among undergraduates in northern Nigeria. This study assessed pattern and predictors of tobacco use among undergraduates in Zaria, North-western Nigeria.

Correlation of Genomic Compartments with Contrastive Modes of Functional Losses of Host Specificity Determinants During Pathotype Differentiation in .

The specificity between pathotypes of and genera of gramineous plants is governed by gene-for-gene interactions. Here, we show that avirulence genes involved in this host specificity have undergone different modes of functional losses dependent on or affected by genomic compartments harboring them. The avirulence of an pathotype on wheat is controlled by five genes, including , which played a key role in the evolution of the pathotype (the wheat blast fungus).

Effectiveness of the Wheat Blast Resistance Gene in Bangladesh Suggested by Distribution of an Allele in the Population.

Wheat blast caused by the pathotype of was first reported in 1985 in Brazil and recently spread to Bangladesh. We tested whether and , recently identified resistance genes, were effective against Bangladeshi isolates of the pathogen. Common wheat accessions carrying alone (IL191) or both and (GR119) were inoculated with Brazilian isolates (Br48, Br5, and Br116.

At Least Five Major Genes Are Involved in the Avirulence of an Isolate of on Common Wheat.

is composed of pathotypes that show host specificity at the plant genus level. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the incompatibility between the pathotype (pathogenic on finger millet) and common wheat, an isolate (MZ5-1-6) was crossed with a isolate (Br48) pathogenic on wheat, and resulting F cultures were sprayed onto common wheat cultivars Hope, Norin 4 (N4), and Chinese Spring (CS). On Hope, avirulent and virulent cultures segregated in a 3:1 ratio, suggesting that two avirulence genes are involved.

Evolution of an -Specific Subgroup of Through a Gain of an Avirulence Gene.

isolates (members of the pathotype) of are divided into two subgroups, EC-I and EC-II, differentiated by molecular markers. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that these subgroups are very close to isolates. EC-II and isolates were exclusively virulent on finger millet and weeping lovegrass, respectively, while EC-I isolates were virulent on both.

Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria.

Introduction: Dyslipidemia confers excess atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, and this requires prompt identification and management to reduce morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria.

Prevalence and correlates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in an urban community in North-Western Nigeria.

Introduction: Worldwide, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are major causes of morbidity and mortality. This study assesses the prevalence and correlates of hypertension and DM in an urban community in northwestern Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study.