The Antimanic Effect of Endoxifen in Patients with Bipolar Disorder with Renal Comorbidities: Case Series.

The conventional and standard pharmacological approaches in the management of bipolar disorders include mood stabilizers and second-generation antipsychotics. However, renal problems owing to the gold standard mood stabilizer, lithium, is three times that of the general population. As bipolar I disorder (BPD I) is associated with overactive protein kinase C (PKC) intracellular signaling, a novel approach in the management of acute mania/mixed affective states of bipolar disorder includes the use of PKC inhibitors, such as Tamoxifen and its derivative metabolite molecule, Endoxifen.