Uptake and availability of new outpatient cancer medicines in 2010-2021 in Nordic countries - survey of competent authorities.

Background: Nordic countries excel in cancer care, but studies on uptake, costs, or managed entry agreements of cancer medicines have not been conducted recently. The aim of this study was to examine the uptake and availability of orally administered new cancer medicines in Nordic countries. Orally administered cancer medicines enable and are used in the community as part of outpatient care.

A double-blind comparison of citalopram (Lu 10-171) and amitriptyline in depressed patients.

In a controlled, clinical, multicentre trial comprising a total of 43 patients (17 men and 26 women) citalopram was compared double-blindly with amitriptyline. Nineteen patients of each group were classified as endogeneously depressed, whereas four patients of the citalopram group and one of the amitriptyline group were classified as non-endogenously depressed. The patients were seriously ill with a high frequency of previous depressive episodes and of mental disorders among their closest relatives.

Persecutory affective psychoses: a follow-up.

A series of 66 cases with persecutory affective psychoses was followed up between 5 and 44 years. These psychoses can be considered as a subgroup of catamnestically verified paranoid reactive psychoses. They comprise cases with and without clouded consciousness.

Higher nervous activity in psychiatric patients.

A review is presented of studies of higher nervous activity in psychiatric patients. In neuroses and reactive psychoses the basic pathology appears to be centered around the psychogenic complex structures. In addition, neuroses as well as reactive psychoses reveal general disturbances of higher nervous activity.

Pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic schizophrenia: a follow-up.

A series of 67 pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic schizophrenics were followed up. The prognosis was good insofar as these psychoses do not develop schizophrenic deterioration. Complete recoveries are rare, as borderline characteristics tend to persist.

Querulent paranoia: a follow-up.

This study deals with all querulent paranoias admitted to Gaustad Hospital during 1938-1972. As querulent paranoia is a rare clinical condition, a plea is made for a multicenter study. We had only 22 cases, but most of them have a follow-up over several years, so that we are able to know fairly well the long-term course of illness.

Paranoiac psychoses: a follow-up.

74 patients with paranoiac psychoses were followed up. Paranoiac psychoses are characterized by affect-laden delusions, resemble the paranoias of Kraepelin, but have a better prognosis. 18 cases appeared to show a chronic course of illness, but only 1 case needed prolonged hospitalization in a mental hospital.

Prophylactic psychiatry.

The great contributions of Gantt to the problems of prophylactic psychiatry are pointed out. The author reviews his experiences with a 30-year follow-up of a population of 1800 persons. Over the 30 years, there appeared to be a 50% increase of neuroses, which raises great problems for mental health services.

A comparison of nine systems to diagnose schizophrenia.

The files of 283 hospitalized patients discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective schizophrenia, or paranoid state were examined without knowledge of the patient's subsequent history. These patients, most of whom had originally been diagnosed by DSM-I criteria, were retrospectively diagnosed by New York Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), the New Have Schizophrenia Index (NHSI), the St. Louis criteria, Taylor-Abrams 1978 criteria, Schneider's first-rank symptoms (FRS), the Washington IPSS 12-Point Flexible System, Astrup's process/nonprocess distinction, and DSM-III.

Reactive depression: a follow-up.

93 cases of reactive depression have been followed up in order to investigate the long-term course of illness. By independent classification of reactive and endogenous depressions the authors agreed on diagnosis for 94%. Ten subgroups of reactive depressions are illustrated by case histories.

Differential effects of person in the dog and in the human.

People have marked effects on dog's heart rate, with great individual variations for different persons. Apparently people to which the dog is attached have the greatest effect upon heart rate. Replications of the animal experiments using the psychotherapist and two other people revealed no effects upon the heart rate of a schizophrenic human.

Physiological mechanisms of flooding (implosion) therapy.

Desensitization of psychological and physiological complex structures may be the most important element of flooding treatment. The implosive sessions are assumed to represent a supramaximal stimulation of pathologically excited and inert complex structures resulting in protective inhibition, irradiation of excitation, reduction of the excitation and inertness, and a decrease of the overshooting autonomic reactivity of the complex structures, leading to reduction of anxiety, aggression, and other pathologically increased feelings. Advantages such as stronger and improved flooding can be achieved by a flooding in hypnosis.

Psychophysiological studies of a geographically defined population.

In the Berlevag project attemps have been made at using psycho-physiological and cognitive measures as indexes of psychiatric morbidity.--With skin conductance response, psychotics and neurotics showed signs of autonomic inhibition compared with conduct disorders and normal controls. All groups except psychotics showed cognitive effects in conditioning.

Studies of higher nervous activity in functional phychoses.

Psychiatric illnesses can be conceived of as experiments of nature, providing a variety of pathopsychological mechanisms which may elucidate normal psychological processes. Clinically the reactive psychoses are predominantly psychogenic reaction types. They present disturbances of higher nervous activity, similar to those of the neuroses.

Bilateral inheritance as evidence for polygenicity in functional psychoses.

Among 1,678 functional psychoses followed up, 35 had parents, uncles, aunts or grandparents with 2 or more cases diagnosed as schizophrenic psychoses, or 2 or more secondary relatives diagnosed as non-schizophrenic psychoses. Comparisons of unilateral and bilateral inheritance suggest that the schizophrenic and endogenous affective psychoses have polygenic transmission, while this is not the case for reactive psychoses.