3D Bioprinting of Prevascularized Full-Thickness Gelatin-Alginate Structures with Embedded Co-Cultures.

The use of bioprinting allows the creation of complex three-dimensional cell laden grafts with spatial placements of different cell lines. However, a major challenge is insufficient nutrient transfer, especially with the increased size of the graft causing necrosis and reduced proliferation. A possibility to improve nutrient support is the integration of tubular structures for reducing diffusion paths.