Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to .

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in high numbers in milk of lactating women. They are beneficial to gut health and the habitant microbiota, but less is known about their effect on cells from the immune system. In this study, we investigated the direct effect of three structurally different HMOs on human derived macrophages before challenge with ().

Clinical inhibits human T-cell activity through interaction with the PD-1 receptor.

Therapies that target and aid the host immune defense to repel cancer cells or invading pathogens are rapidly emerging. Antibiotic resistance is among the largest threats to human health globally. () is the most common bacterial infection, and it poses a challenge to the healthcare system due to its significant ability to develop resistance toward current available therapies.

What is the relationship between collective memory and metacognition?

In this chapter we investigate whether we might learn more about the development of collective memory by examining its links with metacognition. Metacognition is the term given to the capacity that enables us to reflect on and judge our own cognitive abilities. For example, we have a global metacognitive belief in how good our memory is, as well as being able to evaluate how confident we are in completing a memory task at the local level.

Metabolism of short-chain fatty acid propionate induces surface expression of NKG2D ligands on cancer cells.

SCFAs are primarily produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates. Besides providing energy, SCFAs can suppress development of colon cancer. The mechanism, however, remains elusive.

induces cell-surface expression of immune stimulatory NKG2D ligands on human monocytes.

is among the leading causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The pathogenicity and establishment of infections are tightly linked to its ability to modulate host immunity. Persistent infections are often associated with mutant staphylococcal strains that have decreased susceptibility to antibiotics; however, little is known about how these mutations influence bacterial interaction with the host immune system.