Drug Promotions Between Ethics, Regulations, and Financial Interests.

Background: The promotion of the latest medicines produced by the pharmaceutical industry is an important issue both from an ethical point of view (the level of accessibility, the way research is carried out) and from the point of view of marketing and especially from the lobbying issues raised.

Areas Of Uncertainty: The ethical dilemmas raised by the promotion of new drugs revolve between the need to discover new molecules important for treating a wide range of diseases and the need to establish a battery of ethical rules, absolutely necessary for regulations in the field to be compliant with all ethical principles.

Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE, Plus, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2023) using combinations of keywords, including drugs, medical publicity, and pharma marketing plus ethical dilemma.

Ethical Dilemmas of Using Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered the fourth industrial revolution that will change the evolution of humanity technically and relationally. Although the term has been around since 1956, it has only recently become apparent that AI can revolutionize technologies and has many applications in the medical field.

Areas Of Uncertainty: The ethical dilemmas posed by the use of AI in medicine revolve around issues related to informed consent, respect for confidentiality, protection of personal data, and last but not least the accuracy of the information it uses.

The New Mythology of the Body and the Transformation of the Therapeutic Space.

Background: The history of medicine has flowed in the wake of knowledge and social perceptions about the body and corporeality. There is no idea of health without reference to the notion of body (although "health" can have other meanings, figuratively). Considering the same history, the body was the subject of numerous segregations and categorizations due to which it was and is a "social object" and a "political object.

Reimplantation of Implantable Cardiac Devices-An Ethical Controversy?

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are an important public health problem, the main cause of death in both men and women, with a continuous increasing prevalence and consequences upon morbidity in economic, physical, and psychological terms.The new technology have made possible the development of innovative devices, which have increased the possibility of therapeutic interventions today, extending the life of the population with cardiovascular pathology, transforming the patient care, and providing a complex, personalized therapeutic approach.

Fields Of Uncertainty: The aim of the study was to evaluate from an ethical perspective the need, feasibility, and safety of reusing cardiac pacemakers to revise the legal terms and requirements.

Against Authority: The Bioethics of Ivermectin Use for COVID-19 Infection.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new ethical challenges to both health care professionals and the general public. Among the ethical problems amplified during this period were the making of medical decisions to quickly introduce some drugs into therapeutic practice with unproven or insufficiently proven effects (such as ivermectin), the validity of drug testing, and the allocation of limited resources.

Fields Of Uncertainty: The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the attention of the entire scientific world a new problem, which exceeded the guidelines and rules known until then.

Advances in Genetic Editing of the Human Embryo.

Background: Genetic engineering has allowed a major development of research in this field, with specialists attempting to edit the human genome, after the successful editing of the genomes of plants and animals. However, human gene editing technologies are at the center of ethical debates around the world.

Areas Of Uncertainty: Ethical concerns about genetic editing of the human embryo raise several issues that can be viewed through the prism of optimism and reluctance leading to a number of recommendations regarding the acceptance of what may soon become a reality.

Medical Safety.

At present, the concept of national security has also acquired a medical dimension, because the political and economic security of a country can be threatened also by the rapidity with which infectious diseases spread in the present global world or by the impact of climatic changes. The present paper intends to illustrate the main threats to/for population health, international organizations and their regulations in the field of medical security, the impact of epidemics on the population, economy and health systems, methods to prevent pandemics, as well as the situations in which the post-communist Romanian health system impacted politically the country image at national and international level. The improvement of the health infrastructure in Romania, motivating the medical personnel by creating better working and payment conditions, as well as the recent experience of other states in the epidemics that occurred in Asia and Africa can all contribute to the successful management of medical emergencies and infectious outbreaks.

Responsibility and expectations in antiretroviral therapy--patients' versus doctors' perspective.

Aim: This paper aims to uncover what patients really expect form ART, and also what infectious diseases doctors expect from a patient's ART regime, thus exploring an important side of adherence to ART.

Material And Methods: From July to November 2014 we have conducted a qualitative study regarding both patients' and doctors' expectations form the ART. We interviewed 30 patients and 4 doctors.

Is it enough scintigraphy for everyone? A cross-sectional analysis regarding the impact of justice in the distribution of health care resources.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three demographic criteria: gender, age and education level on the patients that perform a scintigraphy.

Materials And Methods: The cross-sectional study was applied to 220 patients to whom it was prescribed a scintigraphy by their treating physician. Of these, 74 were men and 145 women, 10 children and 210 adults.

The HIV-positive patient in intensive care--psychological profile.

Aim: This paper aims to outline the profile of HIV-positive patients in intensive care, in terms of psycho-emotional and vital parameters.

Material And Methods: We evaluated the HIV-positive patients that required intensive care (IC), from January 2011 to December 2013, in the HIV/AIDS Regional of the "Sf. Parascheva" Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital Iaşi.

The psycho-emotional profile of the HIV-positive naïve patient.

Aim: The paper aims to outline the naïve HIV-positive patient's profile, in terms of feelings and emotions post-diagnosis.

Material And Methods: The evaluation took place from January 2011 to December 2013 in the Psycho-social Assistance Office of the "Sfânta Parascheva" Infectious Diseases Hospital in Iaşi. We evaluated 146 patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection, both in terms of immunological and virusological and from a psychological perspective, using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) and the clinical interview.

Long-term biological effects induced by ionizing radiation--implications for dose mediated risk.

Ionizing radiations are considered to be risk agents that are responsible for the effects on interaction with living matter. The occurring biological effects are due to various factors such as: dose, type of radiation, exposure time, type of biological tissue, health condition and the age of the person exposed. The mechanisms involved in the direct modifications of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA are reviewed.

Hyponatremia at autopsy: cause of death or simply a marker of severity of the underlying disease.

Aim: To analyze the possible interpretations of hyponatremia detected at autopsy in vitreous humor in relation to the cause of death and/or associated pathology (cause of death or a simple marker of the severity of associated diseases).

Material And Methods: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolytic disorder in hospital practice, considered as a risk factor for hospital mortality. We conducted a 3-year forensic casework analysis in view ofestablishing the relationship of hyponatremia with mortality: hyponatremia as a direct cause of death or hyponatremia caused by the severity of the underlying disease which is the cause of death.

Ethical and legal aspects in medically assisted human reproduction in Romania.

Up to the present, there have not been any specific norms regarding medically assisted human reproduction in Romanian legislation. Due to this situation the general legislation regarding medical assistance (law no. 95/2006, regarding the Reform in Health Care System), the Penal and Civil law and the provisions of the Code of Deontology of the Romanian College of Physicians are applied to the field of medically assisted human reproduction.

[New trends in the scientific anthropo-cultural psychiatric expertise].

Starting from the "epistemological naturalization of sciences of life", the authors present the complex content of medico-legal psychiatric examination, from which will result its scientific structure. The ontological, epistemological, hermeneutical and axiological content of this type of examination emphasize its methodological structure in the purpose of combining in a creative way its humanistic and scientific features.

[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia].

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a new form of cardiomyopathy probably more frequent than commonly reported. The incidence is unknown. ARVD is a heart muscle disorder of unknown cause that is characterised pathologically by fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium.

[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--cause of sudden death].

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMH) is defined by the absence of left ventricular dilatation and the presence of myocardial hypertrophy that is not due to another recognised cause of hypertrophy such as systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. The bizarre histological appearance of the myocardium is the hallmark of CMH. Myocytes and bundles of myocytes are malaligned and fibrosis may be extensive.

[Myocardial bridging and sudden death].

Myocardial bridging (MB) has been described more than 200 years ago. However it's implications on the genesis of myocardial ischaemia were not studied until recently. Little is known about the real incidence, survival in people with this entity and pathophysiology.

Etio-pathogenic views on transsexualisms (TS).

Starting from the analysis of six cases of transsexualism (TS) the authors performed complex investigations of all sex levels and identified primary T.S. (disturbances of sexual differentiation), secondary TS (sexual perversions, sexopathy).

Sociopathy: genesis and development.

A complex study of a sample of 1,029 children and young people cared for in orphanages revealed the increased incidence of the disorders of behaviour in these categories (33%) with great difficulties of post-school integration (70%). Factors like: affective frustration, noxious family climate intellectual handicap, socializing defect, school failure, etc. are deeply involved in the genesis of juvenile maladjustment and it further on can be found within the nucleus of the sociopathic personality and in adult's deviance.