CCL2-CCR2 Axis Inhibition in Osteosarcoma Cell Model: The Impact of Oxygen Level on Cell Phenotype.

Treatment of osteosarcoma is hampered by tumor hypoxia and requires alternative approaches. Although the CCL2-CCR2 axis is indispensable in tumor-induced inflammation and angiogenesis, its blockade has not been effective to date. This study aimed to characterize how CCR2 inhibition affects the crosstalk of osteosarcoma cells with immune cells to better delineate tumor resistance mechanisms that help withstand such treatment.

Structural properties of immune complexes formed by viral antigens and specific antibodies shape the inflammatory response of macrophages.

Data on the course of viral infections revealed severe inflammation as a consequence of antiviral immune response. Despite extensive research, there are insufficient data on the role of innate immune cells in promoting inflammation mediated by immune complexes (IC) of viral antigens and their specific antibodies. Recently, we demonstrated that antigens of human polyomaviruses (PyVs) induce an inflammatory response in macrophages.

Immunogenic Properties and Antigenic Similarity of Virus-like Particles Derived from Human Polyomaviruses.

Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are highly prevalent in humans and animals. PyVs cause mild illness, however, they can also elicit severe diseases. Some PyVs are potentially zoonotic, such as simian virus 40 (SV40).

Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by Virus-Like Particles of Human Polyomaviruses in Macrophages.

Viral antigens can activate phagocytes, inducing inflammation, but the mechanisms are barely explored. The aim of this study is to investigate how viral oligomeric proteins of different structures induce inflammatory response in macrophages. Human THP-1 cell line was used to prepare macrophages that were treated with filamentous nucleocapsid-like particles (NLPs) of paramyxoviruses and spherical virus-like particles (VLPs) of human polyomaviruses.

OmpA Protein-Deficient Outer Membrane Vesicles Trigger Reduced Inflammatory Response.

Multidrug resistant shows a growing number of nosocomial infections worldwide during the last decade. The outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by this bacterium draw increasing attention as a possible treatment target. OMVs have been implicated in the reduction of antibiotic level in the surrounding environment, transfer of virulence factors into the host cells, and induction of inflammatory response.

Soluble Aβ oligomers and protofibrils induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss, language problems and behavioural disturbances. AD is associated with the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) and the formation of neurofibrillary tau tangles. Fibrillar Aβ itself represents a danger-associated molecular pattern, which is recognized by specific microglial receptors.

Activation of Macrophages by Oligomeric Proteins of Different Size and Origin.

Activation of macrophages is one of the key processes in generating the immune response against pathogens or misfolded/aggregated otherwise unharmful host's proteins. Antigens and their immune complexes (IC) may shape macrophage phenotype in various directions. Data on the impact of protein structure during inflammation are evident; however, some separate steps of this process involving changes in macrophage phenotype are not fully understood.