A Pool of Bacterium-like Particles Displaying African Swine Fever Virus Antigens Induces Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Pigs.

Background/objectives: African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. This underscores the urgent need for safe and effective ASF vaccines.

Methods: Here, we constructed five bacterium-like particles (BLPs) that each display one of the five ASFV antigens (F317L, H171R, D117L, B602L, and p54) based on the Gram-positive enhancer matrix-protein anchor (GEM-PA) system.

A recombinant pseudorabies virus surface - displaying the classical swine fever E2 protein induces specific antibodies rapidly.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are both economically important pathogens threatening the pig industry in many countries. The triple-gene-deleted variant of PRV, herein referred to as rPRVTJ-delgE/gI/TK, has exhibited pronounced efficacy and safety profiles. This underscores its viability as a prospective vaccine vector.

Immune Responses Induced by a Recombinant Surface-Displaying the gD Protein of Pseudorabies Virus.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the herpes viruses that can infect a wide range of animals including pigs, cattle, sheep, mice, and wild animals. PRV is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus capable of infecting a variety of mammals. There is a rising interest in the targeted application of probiotic bacteria to prevent viral diseases, including PRV.

Ferritin Nanoparticle Delivery of the E2 Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Completely Protects Pigs from Lethal Challenge.

Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), results in significant economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. Vaccination represents the primary strategy to control CSF and the CSFV E2 protein is known as the major protective antigen. However, the E2 protein expressed or presented by different systems elicits distinct immune responses.

Antiviral Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Probiotics as Promising Antivirals.

Probiotics exert a variety of beneficial effects, including maintaining homeostasis and the balance of intestinal microorganisms, activating the immune system, and regulating immune responses. Due to the beneficial effects of probiotics, a wide range of probiotics have been developed as probiotic agents for animal and human health. Viral diseases cause serious economic losses to the livestock every year and remain a great challenge for animals.