The Kinematics of Proal Chewing in Rats.

Chewing kinematics are well-documented in several mammal species with fused mandibular symphyses, but relatively understudied in mammals with an unfused symphysis, despite the fact that more than half of extant Mammalia have an unfused mandibular symphysis. The Wistar brown rat () is widely used in human health research, including studies of mastication or neurological studies where mastication is the output behavior. These animals are known to have unfused mandibular symphyses and proal jaw (rostrocaudal) motion during occlusion, but the lack of high resolution, 3-dimensional analysis of rat chewing leaves the functional significance of symphyseal mobility unknown.

The Family Lifestyles, Actions and Risk Education (FLARE) study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a sun protection intervention for children of melanoma survivors.

Background: Children of parents who had melanoma are more likely to develop skin cancer themselves owing to shared familial risks. The prevention of sunburns and promotion of sun-protective behaviors are essential to control cancer among these children. The Family Lifestyles, Actions and Risk Education (FLARE) intervention will be delivered as part of a randomized controlled trial to support parent-child collaboration to improve sun safety outcomes among children of melanoma survivors.

Resilience to stress-related sleep disturbance: Examination of early pandemic coping and affect.

Objective: Stress associated with global health threats such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and related containment efforts may be associated with significant sleep disruption. Stress-related sleep disturbance is an established transdiagnostic risk factor; thus, identifying associations with coping strategies may inform future intervention efforts. The current study examined secondary control-oriented coping strategies, including positive reappraisal, which may be particularly effective in the context of stressors characterized by high uncertainty and low controllability such as a pandemic.

Interactive Beliefs about Genes and Behavior Predict Improved Sun Protection Following Melanoma Genetic Counseling.

Background: Little is known about how members of cancer-prone families think about genetic determinism and whether personal behavior can amplify or counter genetic risk for disease.

Purpose: Understanding how people think about the impact of personal behavior on disease risk may inform communications about genetic risks and their management.

Methods: We assessed three sets of beliefs about the impact of behavior on genetic risk-interactive (unhealthful behaviors can amplify genetic risk), subtractive (healthful behaviors can reduce genetic risk), and deterministic (genes primarily determine health outcomes)-among 114 unaffected members of melanoma-prone families receiving genetic counseling (51.

Priority of Risk (But Not Perceived Magnitude of Risk) Predicts Improved Sun-Protection Behavior Following Genetic Counseling for Familial Melanoma.

Background: Understanding multiple components of risk perceptions is important because perceived risk predicts engagement in prevention behaviors.

Purpose: To examine how multiple components of risk perceptions (perceived magnitude of and worry about risk, prioritization of the management of one's risk) changed following genetic counseling with or without test reporting, and to examine which of these components prospectively predicted improvements in sun-protection behavior 1 year later.

Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized study design was used.

Parent and child perspectives on family interactions related to melanoma risk and prevention after CDKN2A/p16 testing of minor children.

Predispositional genetic testing of children for adult-onset health risks is typically only used when prevention and screening measures have utility during childhood. Little is known about how children and their parents may use predispositional risk information, including whether it changes their interactions around risk-reducing prevention and screening behaviors. The current study examined perspectives on family interactions around skin cancer prevention and control practices through 1 year after test reporting and counseling among children who received melanoma predispositional genetic testing and their parents.

CDKN2A testing and genetic counseling promote reductions in objectively measured sun exposure one year later.

Purpose: This study investigated whether genetic counseling and test reporting for the highly penetrant CDKN2A melanoma predisposition gene promoted decreases in sun exposure.

Methods: A prospective, nonequivalent control group design compared unaffected participants (N = 128, M = 35.24, 52% men) from (1) families known to carry a CDKN2A pathogenic variant, who received counseling about management recommendations and a positive or negative genetic test result and (2) no-test control families known not to carry a CDKN2A pathogenic variant, who received equivalent counseling based on their comparable family history.

Parent and child perspectives on perceived barriers to child sun protection and their association with sun protection strategies among children of melanoma survivors.

Background/objectives: Children with an elevated familial risk for melanoma inconsistently implement sun protection behaviors that could mitigate their melanoma risk. Little is known about perceived barriers to child sun protection among this at-risk group and their parents, and the extent to which perceived barriers are associated with child sun protection. The goal of this study was to examine, among children with a family history of melanoma, the frequency with which children and their parents reported barriers to child sun protection and the extent to which barriers were associated with reported use of sun protection among children.

Understanding Skin Screening Practices Among Children at Elevated Risk for Melanoma to Inform Interventions for Melanoma Prevention and Control.

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Screening can aid in early disease detection, when treatment is more effective. Although there are currently no consensus guidelines regarding skin screening for pediatric populations with elevated familial risk for melanoma, at-risk children with the help of their parents and healthcare providers may implement skin self-exams.

Daily Minutes of Unprotected Sun Exposure (MUSE) Inventory: Measure description and comparisons to UVR sensor and sun protection survey data.

One in five US adults will be diagnosed with skin cancer. As most skin cancers are attributable to sun exposure, this risk factor is an important target for research and intervention. Most sun exposure measures assess frequency of specific sun-protection behaviors, which does not account for the use of multiple, potentially overlapping sun-protection methods.

Barriers and Facilitators to Melanoma Prevention and Control Behaviors Among At-Risk Children.

Melanoma prevention is essential for children who are at elevated risk for the disease due to family history. However, children who carry a familial risk for the disease do not optimally adhere to recommended melanoma preventive behaviors. The current study sought to identify perceived barriers to and facilitators of children's engagement in melanoma preventive behaviors among children at elevated risk for melanoma due to family history of the disease (i.

Genetic test reporting of CDKN2A provides informational and motivational benefits for managing melanoma risk.

A CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 28%-67% lifetime melanoma risk, a risk that may be moderated by ultraviolet radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to test whether melanoma genetic counseling and test disclosure conferred unique informational, motivational, or emotional benefits compared to family history-based counseling. Participants included were 114 unaffected members of melanoma-prone families, ages 16-69, 51.

Genetic Test Reporting and Counseling for Melanoma Risk in Minors May Improve Sun Protection Without Inducing Distress.

Genetic testing of minors is advised only for conditions in which benefits of early intervention outweigh potential psychological harms. This study investigated whether genetic counseling and test reporting for the CDKN2A/p16 mutation, which confers highly elevated melanoma risk, improved sun protection without inducing distress. Eighteen minors (M = 12.

A novel educational intervention targeting melanoma risk and prevention knowledge among children with a familial risk for melanoma.

Objective: To examine the acceptability of and preliminary effects associated with a novel educational intervention for children at elevated risk for melanoma. The intervention incorporated information on mechanisms through which melanoma preventive behaviors mitigate risk for melanoma and was delivered to parents and children concurrently.

Methods: Twenty-two parents (with a personal history of melanoma or spouse with a history of melanoma) and 33 children (mean age 11.

Development of an Educational Program Integrating Concepts of Genetic Risk and Preventive Strategies for Children with a Family History of Melanoma.

Efforts to prevent melanoma, especially for those at elevated risk for the disease, should ideally begin during childhood. However, there are few preventive interventions targeting children who are at higher risk for melanoma due to a family history of the disease. Further, there are no educational interventions that aim to help these at-risk children understand their risk for melanoma and the ways in which preventive behaviors, such as sun protection, can mitigate their risk.

A systematic review of interventions to improve adherence to melanoma preventive behaviors for individuals at elevated risk.

Background And Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for melanoma prevention targeted to individuals at elevated risk due to personal and/or family history.

Methods: Through literature searches in 5 search databases (through July 2014), 20 articles describing 14 unique interventions focused on melanoma prevention among individuals at elevated risk for the disease were identified. Interventions targeting only patients undergoing active treatment for melanoma were excluded.

Genetic test reporting enhances understanding of risk information and acceptance of prevention recommendations compared to family history-based counseling alone.

It is unknown whether or why genetic test reporting confers benefits in the understanding and management of cancer risk beyond what patients learn from counseling based on family history. A prospective nonexperimental control group study compared participants from melanoma-prone families who underwent CDKN2A/p16 (p16) genetic testing (27 carriers, 38 noncarriers) to participants from equivalently melanoma-prone families known not to carry a deleterious p16 mutation (31 no-test controls). All participants received equivalent counseling concerning elevated lifetime melanoma risk and corresponding recommendations for prevention and screening.

Discussion of photoprotection, screening, and risk behaviors with children and grandchildren after melanoma genetic testing.

The purpose of the current study was to examine changes in frequency of discussion about melanoma preventive behaviors among adults who received melanoma genetic test reporting and counseling and their children and grandchildren, correspondence of frequency of discussion with intentions, and content of discussions. Participants received CDKN2A/p16 testing and counseling (N = 24, 46 % p16-positive). Discussions about preventive behaviors were assessed before testing and 1 and 6 months post-testing.

Impact of melanoma genetic test reporting on perceived control over melanoma prevention.

To determine whether receiving melanoma genetic test results undermines perceived control over melanoma prevention, control-related beliefs were examined among 60 adults from melanoma-prone families receiving CDKN2A/p16 test results (27 unaffected noncarriers, 15 unaffected carriers, 18 affected carriers; response rate at 2 years = 64.9 % of eligible respondents). Multilevel modeling of perceived control ratings over a 2-year period revealed significant variation in individual trajectories: most participants showed increases (45 %) or no change (38.

Framing recommendations to promote prevention behaviors among people at high risk: A simulation study of responses to melanoma genetic test reporting.

A CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 76 % lifetime risk of developing melanoma to US residents, and high-risk individuals are counseled to use sunscreen. Generally, for patients at population risk, gain framing more effectively promotes prevention behaviors; however, it is unknown whether loss frames might more effectively promote behavioral intentions and perceived control over disease risk among high-risk patients. Undergraduates (N = 146) underwent a simulated genetic counseling and test reporting session for hereditary melanoma.

Hospital nurses' comfort in and frequency of delivering heart failure self-care education.

Background: Nurses are expected to deliver pre-discharge heart failure education in 8 content areas: what heart failure means, medications, diet, activity, weight monitoring, fluid restriction, signs/symptoms of worsening condition and signs/symptoms of fluid overload.

Aims: To examine nurses' comfort in and frequency of delivering heart failure education to hospitalized patients.

Methods: A multicenter, descriptive, correlational design and questionnaire methods were used.

Unaffected family members report improvements in daily routine sun protection 2 years following melanoma genetic testing.

Purpose: Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure may decrease melanoma risk in the hereditary melanoma setting. It is unknown whether genetic counseling and test reporting of CDKN2A/p16 mutation status promote long-term compliance with photoprotection recommendations, especially in unaffected mutation carriers.

Methods: This study evaluated changes 2 years following melanoma genetic testing in self-reported practice of sun protection (sunscreen, photoprotective clothing, and ultraviolet radiation avoidance) among 37 members of two CDKN2A/p16 kindreds (10 unaffected carriers, 11 affected carriers, and 16 unaffected noncarriers; response rate = 64.

Preferences for blood-based colon cancer screening differ by race/ethnicity.

Objectives: To examine attitudes of a diverse community-based sample toward SEPT9, a simple, cost-effective colorectal cancer (CRC) blood test.

Methods: One-hundred participants eligible for CRC screening (Mage =58.3; 44% unscreened; 38% white, 31% Hispanic, 31% black) completed cross-sectional surveys of their screening preferences following group discussions of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, FOBT, and SEPT9.