Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), the mortality attributable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has decreased by 80%. Newer antiretroviral agents are highly efficacious, have minimal side effects as compared to older drugs, and can be formulated as combination tablets to reduce patients' pill burden. Despite these advances, 680,000 people worldwide died of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related illnesses in 2020.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAs of 27 October 2020, there have been 57,980 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Singapore, with 28 fatalities. To summarise the Singapore experience in managing and containing COVID-19 based on available published data and from relevant sources, a review of literature using research databases such as PubMed and OVID Medline, along with non-peer-reviewed articles and other sources, was conducted with the search terms 'COVID-19' and 'Singapore'. Research conducted in Singapore has provided insight into the clinical manifestations and period of infectivity of COVID-19, demonstrated evidence of pre-symptomatic transmission, linked infection clusters using serological tools, and highlighted aspects of hospital-based environmental contamination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: Containing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic would require aggressive contact tracing and isolation of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. Models in published literature have suggested that digital rather than manual contact tracing might be more effective in containing the pandemic. This article seeks to examine the forms of contact tracing that Singapore, a highly dense city-state, adopts with a focus on new innovations including the use of digital technology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComplicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) represent the severe form of infectious disease that involves deeper soft tissues. Involvement of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) further complicates cSSTI with increased hospitalization, health care costs, and overall mortality. Various international guidelines provide recommendations on the management of cSSTIs, with the inclusion of newer antibiotics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Since 2010, the incidence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been increasing in Singapore. We analyzed the clinical and molecular epidemiology of CRE among adult inpatients in Singapore.
Methods: Quarterly incidence of unique subjects (per 100000 patient-days) with positive clinical and surveillance cultures for CRE were estimated based on mandatory data submitted to the National Public Health Laboratory by public hospitals between 2010 and 2015.
Background: We conducted a national point prevalence survey (PPS) to determine the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use (AMU) in Singapore acute-care hospitals.
Methods: Trained personnel collected HAI, AMU, and baseline hospital- and patient-level data of adult inpatients from 13 private and public acute-care hospitals between July 2015 and February 2016, using the PPS methodology developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Factors independently associated with HAIs were determined using multivariable regression.
Objectives: Owing to gene transposition and plasmid conjugation, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is typically identified among varied Enterobacteriaceae species and STs. We used WGS to characterize the chromosomal and plasmid molecular epidemiology of NDM transmission involving four institutions in Singapore.
Methods: Thirty-three Enterobacteriaceae isolates (collection years 2010-14) were sequenced using short-read sequencing-by-synthesis and analysed.
Introduction: Combination therapy is increasingly utilized against extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Gram negative bacteria (GNB). However, choosing a combination can be problematic as effective combinations are often strain-specific. An in vitro antibiotic combination testing (iACT) service, aimed to guide the selection of individualized and rationally optimized combination regimens within 48 hours, was developed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolymyxins have emerged as a last-resort treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative Bacillus (GNB) infections, which present a growing threat. Individualized polymyxin-based antibiotic combinations selected on the basis of the results of in vitro combination testing may be required to optimize therapy. A retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients receiving polymyxins for XDR GNB infections from 2009 to 2014 was conducted to compare the treatment outcomes between patients receiving polymyxin monotherapy (MT), nonvalidated polymyxin combination therapy (NVCT), and in vitro combination testing-validated polymyxin combination therapy (VCT).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnn Med Surg (Lond)
September 2014
Regional epidemiological data and resistance profiles are essential for selecting appropriate antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infections (IAIs). However, such information may not be readily available in many areas of Asia and current international guidelines on antibiotic therapy for IAIs are for Western countries, with the most recent guidance for the Asian region dating from 2007. Therefore, the Asian Consensus Taskforce on Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (ACT-cIAI) was convened to develop updated recommendations for antibiotic management of complicated IAIs (cIAIs) in Asia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommunity associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) subtype USA300 remains relatively well confined within North American shores. Between August and November 2010, a large international school in Singapore recorded 27 skin and soft tissue infections, 8 of which were confirmed USA 300. This study reports the outbreak investigation and the interventions instituted.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFScrub typhus is a major infectious threat in the Asia-Pacific region. We report an unusual case of scrub typhus in a patient in Singapore who presented with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome but lacked the pathognomonic eschar. The patient recovered after appropriate diagnosis and doxycycline treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Patients with neutropenic fever after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics are given antifungals empirically. This strategy may lead to over-treatment.
Methods: Patients with hematological malignancies undergoing intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were randomized to two arms.
Introduction: The influenza pandemic has generated much interest in the press and the medical world. We report our experience with 15 cases of severe novel influenza A H1N1 (2009) infections requiring intensive care. The aim of this review is to improve our preparedness for epidemics and pandemics by studying the most severely affected patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Active surveillance testing (AST) and decontamination strategies (DS) using a topical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cleansing agent was introduced in July 2007 in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) and a surgical ICU (SICU) of a tertiary care hospital to reduce the incidence of MRSA infection.
Methods: Data on ICU admissions between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008, was analyzed. All subjects, excluding known MRSA status, had an ICU length of stay (LOS) of more than 24 hours and nasal swabs performed on ICU admission, every 7 days during the ICU stay, and on discharge.
Invasive candidiasis has emerged as an important nosocomial infection, especially in critically ill patients. The incidence of candidaemia in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is 5- to 10-fold higher than in the entire hospital and the crude mortality rate of patients with candidaemia is between 35% and 60%. Candida albicans remains the predominant cause of invasive candidiasis in ICUs, followed by Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnn Acad Med Singap
October 2008
Introduction: Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) can cause serious infections in vulnerable, immunocompromised patients.
Materials And Methods: In this article, we summarise current data on epidemiology, detection, treatment and prevention of VRE.
Results: VRE was first isolated in Singapore in 1994 and until 2004 was only sporadically encountered in our public hospitals.
Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging pathogen in nosocomial infections that may result in high mortality. S. maltophilia often present as part of a polymicrobial culture and it is not well established when treatment is indicated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFShould healthcare workers (HCWs) be routinely tested for HIV? The authors reviewed the literature on the risk and incidence of HIV transmission from HCW to patients and offer recommendations for HIV testing in HCWs in Singapore. Management of HCWs who are tested seropositive for HIV infection is also discussed in this paper.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Infect Control
April 2008
Background: To analyze control measures used to eradicate a large vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) outbreak in a nonendemic 1600-bed tertiary care institution.
Methods: In mid-March 2005, VRE Van B was isolated from 2 clinical samples from different wards. Despite such measures as screening patients sharing rooms with index cases and isolating VRE patients, 43 isolates from different wards were detected by the end of March 2005.
Am J Trop Med Hyg
October 2007
Singapore reported the elimination of malaria in 1982, but this country remains vulnerable to imported malaria. We describe a large cluster of 16 cases of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in visiting Nigerian students. More than half were asymptomatic and diagnosed only on screening.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis
February 2008
Polymyxin B is increasingly used clinically for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, despite very limited understanding of its disposition in humans. The disposition of intravenous polymyxin B1 in 9 adult patients was characterized. Random blood samples (specifically timed in relation to the dose administered) were obtained, and the serum concentrations of polymyxin B1 were assayed using a validated methodology by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Until recently, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) infection or colonisation was a rare occurrence in Singapore. The first major VRE outbreak involving a 1500-bed tertiary care institution in March 2005 presented major challenges in infection control and came at high costs. This study evaluates the predictors of VRE carriage based on patients' clinical and demographic profiles.
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