Levels of Cyclooxygenase 2, Interleukin-6, and Tumour Necrosis Factor- in Fibroblast Cell Culture Models after Photobiomodulation at 660 nm.

Chemicals and signaling molecules released by injured cells at the beginning of wound healing prompt inflammation. In diabetes, prolonged inflammation is one of the probable causes for delayed wound healing. Increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) are associated with the inflammatory response and in diabetes, and increased levels of these contribute to chronic wounds that do not heal.

An Overview of the Potential Use of Ethno-Medicinal Plants Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Treatment of Hypertension.

The development of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders present a major public health challenge in both developed countries and countries with emerging economies. Hypertension and associated complications including stroke and myocardial infarction have reached pandemic levels. Current management strategies of hypertension predominantly include the utilization of pharmaceutical drugs which are often associated with undesirable side effects.

The link between advanced glycation end products and apoptosis in delayed wound healing.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are naturally occurring molecules that start to accumulate from embryonic developmental stages and form as part of normal ageing. When reducing sugars interact with and modify proteins or lipids, AGE production occurs. AGE formation accelerates in chronic hyperglycemic conditions, and high AGE levels have been associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases.