Dysregulation of mTOR signalling is a converging mechanism in lissencephaly.

Cerebral cortex development in humans is a highly complex and orchestrated process that is under tight genetic regulation. Rare mutations that alter gene expression or function can disrupt the structure of the cerebral cortex, resulting in a range of neurological conditions. Lissencephaly ('smooth brain') spectrum disorders comprise a group of rare, genetically heterogeneous congenital brain malformations commonly associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability.

Recurrence of lumbar disk herniation after microdiscectomy: a two-center retrospective analysis of 1214 cases and identification of risk factors.

Background/aim: To present the incidence of recurrent lumbar disc herniation (RLDH) and to identify radiological and patient-related risk factors that lead to recurrence after lumbar disc herniation (LDH) treatment with microdiscectomy.

Materials And Methods: Between January 2013 and December 2021, 1214 patients who had undergone microdiscectomy for LDH were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups, the recurrent group and the non-recurrent group, and their demographic, clinical and radiologic characteristics were recorded.

Neuro-Behçet's Disease Mimicking Low-Grade Glioma Presenting with Drop Foot.

Behçet's disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease that manifests with oral-genital ulcers, skin lesions, arthritis, and ophthalmologic and neurovascular findings. Neurological involvement of Behçet's disease is called neuro-Behçet's disease, and it is a difficult entity to diagnose because of insufficient symptoms. We present a 26-year-old male patient with complaints of headache, dizziness, and drop foot in the right lower extremity.

Childhood Pineal Glioblastoma: Case Report.

Unlabelled: Pineal glioblastomas (GBMs) are extremely rare tumors. Herein we will present a pediatric patient with GBM located in pineal region who was admitted with the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and treated with surgical resection and radiotherapy.

Introduction: Pineal region tumors are extremely rare accounting for less than 1% of all brain tumors.

Posterior realignment of basilar invagination with facet joint distraction technique.

Purpose: We describe our experience with management of basilar invagination (BI) with the atlantoaxial dislocation (C1/C2) joint reduction technique, including posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation.

Materials And Methods: From 2008 to 2018, eleven patients with atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) and BI underwent surgical reduction using C1/C2 the joint reduction technique with a fibular graft/peek cage placement followed by C1 lateral mass/C2 pedicle screw fixation. In two cases that we originally planned to perform C1/C2 joint reduction, occiput-C2 pedicle screw fixation was performed instead due to intraoperative challenges.

Efficacy of prophylactic application of vancomycin powder in preventing surgical site infections after instrumented spinal surgery: A retrospective analysis of patients with high-risk conditions.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of prophylactic use of vancomycin powder against surgical site infections in patients with high-risk conditions who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation.

Methods: Data obtained from 209 patients who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation at a single institution from 2014 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were then divided into two groups: control group, including 107 patients (61 females, 46 males; mean age=54 years; age range=16-85 years), and treatment group, including 102 patients (63 females, 39 males; mean age=53 years; age range=14-90 years).

Primary pituitary abscess mimicking meningitis in a pediatric patient.

Introduction: Pituitary abscess is a rare lesion of the pituitary gland that can cause morbidity and mortality in the absence of appropriate treatment. They are classified as primary and secondary pituitary abscesses. Primary pituitary abscesses occur in patients with no previous pituitary pathology.

Reoperation does not provide a survival advantage in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma treated with irinotecan/bevacizumab treatment.

Background: Treatment options for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) have limited efficacy. Although reoperation is useful for both the confirmation of the diagnosis of recurring disease and the relief of the symptoms, its effect on survival is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaulate the impact of second surgery in recurrent GBM.

Spine Metastasis of Thymic Carcinoma in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review.

Introduction: Thymic carcinoma metastases of the spinal column are very rare, especially in pediatric patients. To our knowledge, this is the first such pediatric case in the literature.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 14-year-old male patient with T12 and L1 metastases of thymic carcinoma.

Course of Urological Problems in Children with Spinal Dysraphism: Long-Term Follow-Up Results.

Background/aims: We aimed to evaluate the course of urinary problems in children with spinal dysraphism.

Methods: This multicenter study evaluated data on pediatric patients diagnosed with spinal dysraphism between 2010 and 2019. The neurological and urological conditions of the patients were examined retrospectively.

Comparison of dorsal intercostal perforator artery flap and primary closure in myelomeningocele repair.

Purpose: Of the many suggested techniques, we used dorsal intercostal perforator artery flap (DIPAF) for the closure of myelomeningocele defects. This study compared the outcomes of primary closure and DIPAF in the closure of myelomeningoceles.

Methods: Data of 24 patients that underwent myelomeningocele surgery at a single institution between November 2015 and September 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.

Outcome of Primary Bone Fragment Replacement in Pediatric Patients with Depressed Skull Fracture.

Objective: To evaluate pediatric patients who were operated with the diagnosis of depressed skull fracture.

Methods: The records of pediatric patients who presented with traumatic head injury to multicenter neurosurgery clinics between 2002 and 2018 and who were operated with a diagnosis of depressed skull fracture were retrospectively reviewed. All of the patients underwent primary bone fragment replacement operation, and the patients' own bone flaps were used to repair depressed skull fractures in all of them.

Unusual Clinical Presentation and Association of Cranial Dermoid Tumor and Tethered Cord Syndrome.

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS), a neurological disorder characterized by the lower settlement of the conus medullaris, is a congenital spinal disease which is caused by split cord syndrome, meningomyelocele, and spinal tumors. Cranial dermoid tumor (CDT) is a congenital benign tumor which is generally located on the midline of the cranium. Even though TCS is highly associated with spinal dermoid tumor, the relationship of CDT and TCS is unusual.

Lung Adenocarcinoma Metastasis Mimicking Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Root metastases of solid organ carcinomas are rare entities. Because of their rare occurrence, they can be confused with nerve sheath tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, when detected by magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, we reported a case of a 72-year-old woman with S1 root metastasis originating from lung adenocarcinoma.

Giant cell tumor of the eleventh thoracic vertebra in a pediatric patient: an interesting case report and comprehensive literature review.

Introduction: Giant cell tumors of the mobile spinal column are very rare tumors, especially in the pediatric age group. Although they are benign tumors, they have locally aggressive growth pattern and high risk of recurrence.

Case Presentation: We report a 15-year-old female patient with thoracic giant cell tumor who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty and had cement extravasation into the spinal canal.

Prognostic Significance of Indicators of Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Glioblastoma Patients.

Background: High-grade gliomas, with glioblastomas as the most frequently observed histologic subtype, are the most common primary brain tumours in adults. It is considered that inflammatory responses play a major role in malignancies, including tumour progression. This study aimed to determine the prognostic significance of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the thrombocyte to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as indicators of systemic inflammatory response (SIR) in glioblastoma patients.

Use of programmable versus nonprogrammable shunts in the management of normal pressure hydrocephalus: A multicenter retrospective study with cost-benefit analysis in Turkey.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt systems that are used in the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus are often associated with drainage problems. Adjustable shunt systems can prevent or treat these problems, but they may be expensive. The aim of our study is to compare the complications and total cost of several shunt systems.

Melanotic schwannoma of the L5 root.

Melanotic neoplasm of the central nervous system is rare and the majority of them are metastatic. Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is an unusual variant of nerve sheath neoplasm accounting for less than 1% of primary nerve sheath tumors. A case involving a 36-year-old man with MS at the L5 root is presented.

The Outcomes of Late Term Surgical Treatment of Penetrating Peripheral Nerve Injuries.

Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the follow-up results of patients who received late-term surgical treatment for peripheral nerve lesions caused by penetrating injuries.

Material And Methods: The study included 25 patients who underwent surgery for peripheral nerve injuries in our clinic between 2007 and 2013. The patients were evaluated with respect to age, gender, etiology of the trauma, the affected nerve, clinical examinations, electrophysiological findings, surgical techniques and functional outcomes.

Results of treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures using pedicle instrumentation with and without fracture-level screws.

Background: Two different techniques of short-segment instrumentation, with and without a pedicle screw at the fracture level, were compared in thoracolumbar burst fractures in neurologically intact (ASIA-E) patients. The sagittal index, kyphosis angle (Cobb), canal compromise ratio, and compression ratio of the anterior vertebral height were analyzed.

Methods: Seventy patients who underwent short-segment stabilization for thoracolumbar (T11-L2) burst fractures in our clinic between 2008 and 2012 were included in this retrospective study.

Brain malformations associated with Knobloch syndrome--review of literature, expanding clinical spectrum, and identification of novel mutations.

Background: Knobloch syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, developmental disorder characterized by stereotyped ocular abnormalities with or without occipital skull deformities (encephalocele, bone defects, and cutis aplasia). Although there is clear heterogeneity in clinical presentation, central nervous system malformations, aside from the characteristic encephalocele, have not typically been considered a component of the disease phenotype.

Methods: Four patients originally presented for genetic evaluation of symptomatic structural brain malformations.

Dyke-davidoff-masson syndrome associated with epidermoid tumour and arachnoid cyst: a case report.

Background: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a rarely seen clinical entity which is characterised by cerebral hemiatrophy, contralateral hemiparesis and epilepsy. Radiological features are typical, such as unilateral atrophy of the cerebral hemisphere and associated compensatory bone changes in the skull, like thickening, enlargement of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells.

Case Report: In this article, we report the first case of DDMS associated with epidermoid tumour and arachnoid cyst, who underwent operation for an epidermoid tumour in the inter-hemispheric region.

A microsurgical procedure for middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal monofilament insertion technique in the rat: a special emphasis on the methodology.

Introduction: Although there are many experimental studies describing the methodology of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the literature, only limited data on these distinct anatomical structures and the details of the surgical procedure in a step by step manner. The aim of the present study simply is to examine the surgical anatomy of MCAO model and its modifications in the rat.

Materials And Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used; 20 during the training phase and 20 for the main study.