Use of noninvasive volume assessment methods to predict acute blood loss in spontaneously breathing volunteers.

Objective: The use of noninvasive volume assessment methods to predict acute blood loss in spontaneously breathing patients remains unclear. We aimed to investigate changes in the pleth variability index (PVI), vena cava collapsibility index (VCCI), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), pulse pressure (PP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously breathing volunteers after acute loss of 450 mL blood and passive leg raise (PLR).

Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled healthy volunteers in the blood donation center of an academic hospital.