A Rare Case of an Intra-nasal Ectopic Tooth in a Young Woman.

Teeth in non-dentate areas including the intra-sinus and intranasal teeth are rarely encountered in clinical practice. Although the majority of patients remain asymptomatic, the usual presenting complaints are nasal obstruction, epistaxis, hyposmia and headache. In this article, we present a case of an intranasal tooth in a 15-year-old female who presented with complaints of hyposmia and nasal obstruction.

Safety and immunogenicity of rabies vaccine as 4 - dose Essen Intramuscular regimen for post exposure prophylaxis: A non - randomized, comparative controlled study.

: World Health Organization has recommended that in healthy persons with category III exposures, who receive wound care and rabies immunoglobulin infiltration, a vaccine regimen consisting of 4 doses administered intramuscularly on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 can be used as an alternative to the 5-dose intramuscular regimen.: To assess the clinical safety and immunogenicity of rabies vaccine administered as 4-dose Essen intramuscular regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis.: A non-randomized, comparative, controlled study was conducted at the anti-rabies clinic, KIMS Hospital and Research Center, Bangalore, India.

Rabies encephalitis in a preschool child following postexposure prophylaxis.

We report a case of rabies encephalitis in a 4½-year-old male child with an exposure to a suspect rabid dog. The child developed rabies 25 days after receiving postexposure prophylaxis. Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is currently administered according to body weight.

Green and low-cost synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application in transistor-based carbon monoxide sensing.

There has been steady progress in developing reliable and cost-effective strategies for the clean production of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their unique structural and wide functional characteristics. While the green synthesis of such NPs from plant extracts has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly protocol, it is greatly restricted owing to the scarcity of potential natural precursors necessitating comprehensive investigations in this direction. Herein, we report a facile, low-cost green synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs along with the demonstration of their usage as an active media in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices for sensing carbon monoxide (CO) gas.

Background paper for developing a policy for the use of rabies biologicals and vaccination of humans in India.

National Rabies Control Programme, India, is in operation since 2012-2013 without much impact due to poor funding and no set policy for the rabies prevention and control. An effort was made to develop a draft policy paper which can help the Government of India to develop a national rabies vaccination policy for humans and for achieving the goal of zero dog-mediated human rabies deaths by the year 2030. A technical stakeholders meeting was held under the chairmanship of the Drug Controller General of India at New Delhi in December 2017 to discuss the problems and solutions for providing essential rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).

Market mapping and landscape analysis of human rabies biologicals in India.

Background: Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins are lifesaving in humans following animal exposures. These biologicals should continuously be available throughout the year to prevent and eliminate human rabies by 2030.

Objectives: The present study aimed at assessing availability of different kinds of human rabies biologicals in the country and undertaking market mapping and landscape analysis of human rabies biologicals in India.

Appraisal of surveillance of human rabies and animal bites in seven states of India.

Background: The key to understanding the burden of animal bites and rabies lies in accurate and timely data with the help of proper surveillance system across the country. Such a surveillance system needs to be evaluated also for a programmatic purpose.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to appraise the surveillance system of human rabies and animal bites in seven states of India and also to describe the characteristics of human rabies cases in the states.

Comparison of a Novel Human Rabies Monoclonal Antibody to Human Rabies Immunoglobulin for Postexposure Prophylaxis: A Phase 2/3, Randomized, Single-Blind, Noninferiority, Controlled Study.

Background: Lack of access to rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) contributes to high rabies mortality. A recombinant human monoclonal antibody (SII RMAb) was tested in a postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in comparison with a human RIG (HRIG)-containing PEP regimen.

Methods: This was a phase 2/3, randomized, single-blind, noninferiority study conducted in 200 participants with World Health Organization category III suspected rabies exposures.

Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 2 WHO prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases.

The currently advocated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are of one month duration with reduced patient compliance. WHO recommended research on shortened vaccination regimens which have a practical and economic advantage over the existing regimens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the safety and immunogenicity of 2 WHO prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases.

Safety and immunogenicity study of a new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine Vaxirab-N (Pitman-Moore strain) manufactured in India.

Zydus Cadila Health care, India developed a new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV, Vaxirab-N; 1 mL) by adapting Pitman-Moore strain of virus on to the chick embryo fibroblast cell line in 2006. During 2007-10, a series of safety and immunogenicity studies were conducted as per ICH-GCP guidelines after obtaining permission from Drug Controller General of India. In the first study, Vaxirab-N was administered to 35 healthy adult volunteers by intramuscular (IM) route using pre exposure regimen.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in children: safety of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (Vaxirab N) when administered by intradermal route.

Animal bites in humans are a public health problem. Children are the most frequently exposed, representing 50% of human exposures in canine rabies infected areas. Pre-exposure vaccination using cell culture vaccines is a safe and effective method of preventing rabies among children in these highly endemic regions.

Is the skin sensitivity test required for administering equine rabies immunoglobulin?

Background: Rabies immunoglobulins are life-saving in patients with severe exposure to rabies. Despite the high degree of purification of equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG), the product inserts still recommend a skin sensitivity test before administration of this heterologous serum. A recent WHO recommendation states that there are no scientific grounds for performing a skin test before administering ERIG because testing does not predict reactions and it should be given irrespective of the result of the test.

A survey of hospitals managing human rabies cases in India.

A survey of 23 infectious diseases (ID) hospitals/ID wards of general hospitals was done during 2008-09 to assess the facilities for and management of rabies patients. All were Government hospitals and 0.5% of total beds was earmarked for rabies cases.

Evaluation of a new premedication protocol for administration of equine rabies immunoglobulin in patients with hypersensitivity.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to standardize skin testing and to develop a safe and effective premedication protocol for administration of ERIG in those with skin test positivity/hypersensitivity.

Methods: A method of grading of skin testing was developed using injection histamine as a positive control. This was evaluated by using it on 517 subjects who had severe (WHO category III) exposure to rabies.

Assessing the burden of human rabies in India: results of a national multi-center epidemiological survey.

Objective: Human rabies has been endemic in India since time immemorial, and the true incidence of the disease and nationwide epidemiological factors have never been studied. The main objectives of the present study were to estimate the annual incidence of human rabies in India based on a community survey and to describe its salient epidemiological features.

Methods: The Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India (APCRI) conducted a national multi-center survey with the help of 21 medical schools during the period February-August 2003.

Evaluation of a new five-injection, two-site,intradermal schedule for purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: A randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial in healthy adult volunteers in India.

Background: Human rabies is an ongoing significant public health problem inmany developing countries, with India reporting the highest incidence of rabies-related deaths (∼20,000 per year). Many people living in India cannot afford the standard IM postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with cell-culture vaccines, which are administered using a 5-dose regimen developed in Essen, Germany. A potentially less expensive intradermal (ID) regimen, based on the Essen regimen, has been developed at the Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, India.

Vascular brachytherapy for hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction: exploring an unmet clinical need.

Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population (230,000 patients in the United States) at a cost of well over 1 billion dollars per annum. Venous stenosis and thrombosis (due to venous neointimal hyperplasia), is the most common cause of hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction. At the clinical level, this manifests in the form of a 50%, one-year primary patency for new grafts, and a dismal 40% 3-month survival for thrombosed grafts.

Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction: from pathophysiology to novel therapies.

Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population at a cost of over USD 1 billion per annum. Most hemodialysis grafts fail due to a venous stenosis (venous neointimal hyperplasia) which then results in thrombosis of the graft. Despite the magnitude of the clinical problem there are currently no effective therapies for this condition.

Aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous graft stenosis.

Background: Vascular access dysfunction is the most important cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population in the United States at a cost of well over one billion dollars per annum. Venous neointimal hyperplasia characterized by stenosis and subsequent thrombosis, is the major cause of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis graft failure. Despite the magnitude of the problem, there are currently no effective therapies for the prevention or treatment of venous neointimal hyperplasia in PTFE dialysis grafts.

External beam radiation attenuates venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft stenosis.

Purpose: Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is an enormous clinical problem that causes great morbidity and costs well over one billion dollars per annum. The vast majority of hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction occurs as a result of venous stenosis and thrombosis at the graft-vein anastomosis. At a cellular level, this venous stenosis is the result of venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH).

Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction from basic biology to clinical intervention.

Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population at a cost of over 1 billion dollars per annum. Venous stenosis and thrombosis as a result of venous neointimal hyperplasia are the major causes of hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction. Despite the magnitude of the clinical problem, there are currently no effective therapies for this condition.