The role of metformin in treatment of weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: Second-generation antipsychotics are associated with significant weight gain. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy and safety of metformin for the treatment of weight gain in children and young adults treated with second-generation antipsychotics.

Methods: We followed PRISMA guidelines to evaluated studies published before March 2020 in Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane library database, annual scientific sessions of the American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent, Psychiatry, and American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology.

Burden of Psychiatric Disorders in Moyamoya Disease: A National Inpatient Perspective From 2007-2014.

Moyamoya disease is a cerebrovascular illness that causes progressive stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid arteries and their proximal branches, increasing the risk of stroke. Moyamoya disease is associated with a small number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The objective of this study was to investigate psychiatric comorbidities and trends in patients with Moyamoya disease in the United States.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in non-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer patients.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu gene amplification. TNBC patients typically present at a younger age, with a larger average tumor size, higher grade and higher rates of lymph node positivity compared to patients with ER/PR-positive tumors. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 regulates the production of prostaglandins and is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase1 immunohistochemical staining in primary breast cancer cells independently predicted overall survival but did not correlate with the presence of circulating or disseminated tumors cells.

Purpose: We hypothesized that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) staining in breast cancer tumor cells might be a simple surrogate for the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or disseminated tumor cells (DTCs).

Experimental Design: Whole tissue primary tumor sections from 121 patients enrolled in a clinical trial assessing CTCs and DTCs at the time of surgery were stained for ALDH1 and scored by a dedicated breast pathologist blinded to outcome. Clinical data was extracted and staining was correlated to clinical variables and outcome by Fisher's exact test, the Log rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis respectively.

Bupropion-SR for smoking reduction and cessation in alcohol-dependent outpatients: a naturalistic, open-label study.

Background: We sought to determine whether sustained-release bupropion (bupropion-SR) reduces smoking and promotes smoking cessation among alcohol-dependent (AD) smokers while they are in early recovery from alcohol.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, naturalistic study among AD smokers enrolled in an outpatient treatment program. The treatment group (n=58) was offered bupropion-SR and brief smoking cessation counseling.

Discordance in HER2 gene amplification in circulating and disseminated tumor cells in patients with operable breast cancer.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) might be useful for modifying Herceptin therapy in breast cancer. In the process of investigating the utility of a microfluidic platform for detecting HER2 gene amplification in these cells, we observed novel results on discordance of HER2 status. Peripheral blood (8.

Circulating tumour cells in non-metastatic breast cancer: a prospective study.

Background: The identification of circulating tumour cells correlate with poor prognosis in metastatic breast cancer, but there are few data describing the importance of circulating tumour cells in patients with non-metastatic disease. Our aim was to establish if circulating tumour cells predicted worse outcome in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer.

Methods: We prospectively collected data on circulating tumour cells at the time of definitive surgery from chemonaive patients with stage 1-3 breast cancer from February, 2005, to December, 2010.

Invasive lobular carcinoma predicts micrometastasis in breast cancer.

Background: Invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) are almost always estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Most delayed breast cancer recurrences occur in ER-positive patients. Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated in recurrence.

Disseminated tumor cells predict survival after neoadjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer.

Background: Tumor cells that disseminate to the bone marrow (disseminated tumor cells [DTCs]) have been identified in 30% of patients with stage I through II breast cancer (BC) and predict outcome. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is effective in reducing the size of primary tumors or eradicating lymph node metastases before surgery, but little is known regarding the presence or significance of DTCs after NACT.

Methods: The authors evaluated DTCs in 95 patients with clinical stage I through III BC.

Mesenchymal stem cells expressing GD2 and CD271 correlate with breast cancer-initiating cells in bone marrow.

Purpose: The bone marrow microenvironment is considered a critical component in the dissemination and fate of cancer cells in the metastatic process. We explored the possible correlation between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and disseminated breast cancer-initiating cells (BCIC) in primary breast cancer patients.

Experimental Design: Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) were collected at the time of primary surgery in 12 breast cancer patients.

Primary breast cancer patients with high risk clinicopathologic features have high percentages of bone marrow epithelial cells with ALDH activity and CD44⁺CD24lo cancer stem cell phenotype.

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are purported to be epithelial tumour cells expressing CD44(+)CD24(lo) that exhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (Aldefluor(+)). We hypothesised that if CSCs are responsible for tumour dissemination, disseminated cells in the bone marrow (BM) would be positive for putative breast CSC markers. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Aldefluor(+) epithelial (CD326(+)CD45(dim)) cells for the presence of the CD44(+)CD24(lo) phenotype in BM of patients with primary breast cancer (PBC).

Detection of minimal residual disease in blood and bone marrow in early stage breast cancer.

Background: The significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood and of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in bone marrow (BM) in patients with early stage breast cancer is unclear. In this study, the authors investigated the occurrence of CTCs and DTCs in women with early stage breast cancer and evaluated the correlation of their presence with other prognostic markers.

Methods: Blood and BM aspirations were collected at the time of primary breast surgery.

Disseminated tumor cells in biologic subtypes of stage I-III breast cancer patients.

Background: Triple receptor-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are higher grade and more likely to metastasize. Recurrences after 5 years are rare in TNBCs. Conversely, late recurrences are seen in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (luminal) cancers.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in primary breast cancers predicts dissemination of cancer cells to the bone marrow.

Purpose: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) plays a role in breast cancer progression at various stages starting from pre-malignant phenotype to clinical metastasis. Breast cancer metastasizes commonly to the bone and preclinical studies suggest an involvement of COX2 in this process. Detection of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of patients at the time of surgery correlates with the subsequent development of clinical bone metastasis.