Expanded peripheral CD4CD28 T cells and its association with atherosclerotic changes in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, including those on hemodialysis, possess a high risk for cardiovascular diseases, as the first leading cause of death among them. Traditional risk factors do not utterly elucidate this. Throughout the last two decades, CD4CD28 T cells; an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, was detected high with excess cardiovascular (CV) mortality.