Reversal of fibrosis and portal hypertension by Empagliflozin treatment of CCl-induced liver fibrosis: Emphasis on gal-1/NRP-1/TGF-β and gal-1/NRP-1/VEGFR2 pathways.

To date, liver fibrosis has no clinically approved treatment. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a highly selective sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has shown ameliorative potential in liver diseases without revealing its full mechanisms. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a novel regulator of profibrogenic signaling pathways related to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) that modulates intrahepatic profibrogenic and angiogenic pathways.