Modeling and Learning Constraints for Creative Tool Use.

Improvisation is a hallmark of human creativity and serves a functional purpose in completing everyday tasks with novel resources. This is particularly exhibited in tool-using tasks: When the expected tool for a task is unavailable, humans often are able to replace the expected tool with an atypical one. As robots become more commonplace in human society, we will also expect them to become more skilled at using tools in order to accommodate unexpected variations of tool-using tasks.

A Cognitive Reformation.

Although cognitive science started in the 1970s as a multidisciplinary field with the goal of becoming an interdisciplinary one over time, it is now dominated by cognitive psychology. The question becomes whether this matters, and if it does, what should cognitive scientists do about it? I propose that the multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity of cognitive science does matter because it leads to potential generation of new ideas, models, and methods. I offer a few recommendations for reforming cognitive science based, in part, on the recent 41st annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society that sought to reopen cognitive science to minority disciplines comprising cognitive science.

Biodiversifying bioinspiration.

Bioinspiration-using insights into the function of biological systems for the development of new engineering concepts-is already a successful and rapidly growing field. However, only a small portion of the world's biodiversity has thus far been considered as a potential source for engineering inspiration. This means that vast numbers of biological systems of potentially high value to engineering have likely gone unnoticed.

Accuracy of MRI in Prediction of Tumour Thickness and Nodal Stage in Oral Tongue and Gingivobuccal Cancer With Clinical Correlation and Staging.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of lower gingivo-buccal complex and tongue are the most common cancer in the Indian sub-continent. The value of imaging in the staging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is in judging operability, assessment of the prognostic characteristics and dimensions of the primary tumour, depth of tumour invasion, the presence of cervical metastasis and detection of bone infiltration.

Aim: This study evaluated squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity (tongue and gingivo-buccal complex) on the basis of their appearance, soft tissue extent, depth of tumour invasion and staging.

Cost-efficiency of indigenously fabricated mobile-portable dental unit in delivery of primary healthcare in rural India.

Aim: Innovation in primary oral healthcare delivery is a potential yet relatively unexplored area in Dental literature. AIM of the present study was to assess the economic gains that can be made by designing and operating an indigenously fabricated portable dental unit in rural areas.

Materials And Methods: Cost-efficiency was determined by comparing total revenue (number of patients treated) with total costs (direct - capital cost of fabrication; and indirect - dental materials, disposables, transport, miscellaneous) over a period of seven years (2005 to 2012).

"Protective premedication": a comparative study of acetaminophen, gabapentin and combination of acetaminophen with gabapentin for post-operative analgesia.

Background: We carried out a study to evaluate the effects of protective premedication with Acetaminophen, Gabapentin and combination of Acetaminophen with Gabapentin on post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing open cholecys-tectomy under general anesthesia. PATIENTS #ENTITYSTARTX00026;

Methods: The study was conducted in a double-blind randomized and controlled manner in 120 consenting patients of either sex belonging to ASA physical status grade I and II, between the age groups of 20 to 50 years, weighing between 40 to 65 kg and undergoing elective surgery (open cholecystectomy) under general anesthesia. The patients were divided into 4 groups: 1: placebo, 2: Acetaminophen 1000 mg, 3: 1200 mg Gabapentin, 4: Acetaminphen 1000 mg plus 1200 mg Gabapentin.

Thinking in Pictures as a cognitive account of autism.

We analyze the hypothesis that some individuals on the autism spectrum may use visual mental representations and processes to perform certain tasks that typically developing individuals perform verbally. We present a framework for interpreting empirical evidence related to this "Thinking in Pictures" hypothesis and then provide comprehensive reviews of data from several different cognitive tasks, including the n-back task, serial recall, dual task studies, Raven's Progressive Matrices, semantic processing, false belief tasks, visual search, spatial recall, and visual recall. We also discuss the relationships between the Thinking in Pictures hypothesis and other cognitive theories of autism including Mindblindness, Executive Dysfunction, Weak Central Coherence, and Enhanced Perceptual Functioning.

Quantum Capacitance Extraction for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects.

Electrical transport in metallic carbon nanotubes, especially the ones with diameters of the order of a few nanometers can be best described using the Tomanaga Luttinger liquid (TL) model. Recently, the TL model has been used to create a convenient transmission line like phenomenological model for carbon nanotubes. In this paper, we have characterized metallic nanotubes based on that model, quantifying the quantum capacitances of individual metallic single walled carbon nanotubes and crystalline bundles of single walled tubes of different diameters.

Percutaneous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of tibial non-union.

This is a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of percutanous bone marrow grafting in patients with established tibial non-union and minimal deformity, whilst on the waiting list for open surgical procedures. Twenty consecutive patients with established tibial non-union and minimal deformity were treated by percutanous bone marrow injection under local anaesthesia. Bone marrow was obtained from the iliac crest, 3-5 ml of marrow was aspirated and injected immediately into and about the non-union site.