MicroRNA‑4327 regulates TGF‑β1 stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase‑13 expression via CREB‑binding protein‑mediated Runx2 acetylation in human osteoblasts.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, induces the expression of bone remodeling gene matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). CREB-binding protein (CBP), a co-activator and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a bone transcription factor, play critical roles in regulating bone-remodeling genes. Recent advances in non-coding RNAs have revealed the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes in bone physiology.

Chitosan nanocarriers for non-coding RNA therapeutics: A review.

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based therapies entail delivering ncRNAs to cells to regulate gene expression and produce proteins that combat infections, cancer, neurological diseases, and bone abnormalities. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of these ncRNAs has been limited due to the difficulties in delivering them to specific cellular targets within the body. Chitosan (CS), a biocompatible cationic polymer, interacts with negatively charged RNA molecules to form stable complexes.