Do Not Lose Your Nerve, Be Callus: Insights Into Neural Regulation of Fracture Healing.

Purpose Of Review: Fractures are a prominent form of traumatic injury and shall continue to be for the foreseeable future. While the inflammatory response and the cells of the bone marrow microenvironment play significant roles in fracture healing, the nervous system is also an important player in regulating bone healing.

Recent Findings: Considerable evidence demonstrates a role for nervous system regulation of fracture healing in a setting of traumatic injury to the brain.

Cracking the Code: The Role of Peripheral Nervous System Signaling in Fracture Repair.

Purpose Of Review: The traditionally understated role of neural regulation in fracture healing is gaining prominence, as recent findings underscore the peripheral nervous system's critical contribution to bone repair. Indeed, it is becoming more evident that the nervous system modulates every stage of fracture healing, from the onset of inflammation to repair and eventual remodeling.

Recent Findings: Essential to this process are neurotrophins and neuropeptides, such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neuropeptide Y.

Role of the Neurologic System in Fracture Healing: An Extensive Review.

Purpose Of Review: Despite advances in orthopedics, there remains a need for therapeutics to hasten fracture healing. However, little focus is given to the role the nervous system plays in regulating fracture healing. This paucity of information has led to an incomplete understanding of fracture healing and has limited the development of fracture therapies that integrate the importance of the nervous system.

Using AI to Write a Review Article Examining the Role of the Nervous System on Skeletal Homeostasis and Fracture Healing.

Purpose Of Review: Three review articles have been written that discuss the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems in fracture healing. While content among the articles is overlapping, there is a key difference between them: the use of artificial intelligence (AI). In one paper, the first draft was written solely by humans.

Angular Head Velocity Cells within Brainstem Nuclei Projecting to the Head Direction Circuit.

The sense of orientation of an animal is derived from the head direction (HD) system found in several limbic structures and depends on an intact vestibular labyrinth. However, how the vestibular system influences the generation and updating of the HD signal remains poorly understood. Anatomical and lesion studies point toward three key brainstem nuclei as key components for generating the HD signal-nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, supragenual nucleus, and dorsal paragigantocellularis reticular nuclei.

Angular head velocity cells within brainstem nuclei projecting to the head direction circuit.

Unlabelled: An animal's perceived sense of orientation depends upon the head direction (HD) system found in several limbic structures and depends upon an intact peripheral vestibular labyrinth. However, how the vestibular system influences the generation, maintenance, and updating of the HD signal remains poorly understood. Anatomical and lesion studies point towards three key brainstem nuclei as being potential critical components in generating the HD signal: nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), supragenual nucleus (SGN), and dorsal paragigantocellularis reticular nuclei (PGRNd).

Landmark-modulated directional coding in postrhinal cortex.

Visual landmarks can anchor an animal's internal sense of orientation to the external world. The rodent postrhinal cortex (POR) may facilitate this processing. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to classic head direction (HD) cells, which have a single preferred orientation, POR HD cells develop a second preferred orientation when an established landmark cue is duplicated along another environmental wall.