Embedding interpersonal stigma resistance into the medical curriculum: a focus group study of medical students.

Background: Mental-health-related stigma among physicians towards people with mental illnesses remains a barrier to quality care, yet few curricula provide training with a proactive focus to reduce the potential negative impacts of stigma. The aim of our study was to explore medical students' perspectives on what areas of learning should be targeted (where stigma presents) and how they could be supported to prevent the formation of negative attitudes.

Methods: Six focus group discussions were conducted with second, third, and fourth-year postgraduate medical students (n = 34) enrolled at The University of Melbourne Medical School in September - October 2021.

Predictors of vaccine hesitancy among disability support workers in Australia: A cross-sectional survey.

Background: Achieving high levels of vaccination among disability support workers (DSWs) is critical to protecting people with disability from COVID-19 and other vaccine-preventable diseases.

Objective: To identify how demographic factors, risk perceptions of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine, and views about COVID-19 vaccination are associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among DSWs.

Methods: Survey of 252 Australian DSWs conducted in March and early April 2021.

The COVID-19 vaccine intentions of Australian disability support workers.

Objectives: Describe perceptions of COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, information sources, and levels and reasons for vaccine hesitancy among disability support workers (DSWs).

Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 252 DSWs from across Australia, between early March and early April 2021. Perceptions of risk of COVID-19; government and media representations; vaccination status (Y/N); vaccine intentions (when offered, delayed vaccinators, vaccine refusers); reasons for hesitancy; confidence in safety and efficacy of vaccine; and information sources.

Health service use of Australian unemployment and disability benefit recipients: a national, cross-sectional study.

Background: Healthcare is funded and delivered separately from income support programs such as unemployment and disability benefits. Greater understanding of the health service use (HSU) of benefit recipients would support more effective design and delivery of health and income support programs. This study aimed to characterise the HSU of disability and unemployment benefit recipients relative to people earning wages, while controlling for personal, household and health-related factors associated with HSU in benefit recipients.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Attribution Questionnaire for stigma towards disability pension applicants for use among psychiatrists and general practitioners in Sweden.

Background: This study aimed to culturally translate the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ) to the Swedish language and examine the reliability and validity of the new Swedish version to measure stigma towards disability pension applicants in the Swedish context among psychiatrists and general practitioners.

Methods: The AQ was translated from the original English version into Swedish using the recommended guidelines for cultural translation of questionnaires. Steps included forward/back-translation, use of expert committee and pretesting.

Physicians' attitudes to disability pension - impact of diagnosis: an experimental study.

Background: The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of physicians' attitudes towards disability pension applicants, and the impact of diagnosis. We hypothesize that physicians are more likely to think that patients with physical illnesses should get a disability pension than those with mental illness or alcohol dependence. Disability pension is an important source of income for those unable to work because of a disability and type of diagnosis should not impact accessing these benefits.

What is the effect of changing eligibility criteria for disability benefits on employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from OECD countries.

Background: Restrictions in the eligibility requirements for disability benefits have been introduced in many countries, on the assumption that this will increase work incentives for people with chronic illness and disabilities. Evidence to support this assumption is unclear, but there is a danger that removal of social protection without increased employment would increase the risk of poverty among disabled people. This paper presents a systematic review of the evidence on the employment effects of changes to eligibility criteria across OECD countries.

Gendered working environments as a determinant of mental health inequalities: a systematic review of 27 studies.

Background: 'Gendered working environments' describes the ways in which (1) differential selection into work, (2) variations in employment arrangements and working hours, (3) differences in psychosocial exposures and (4) differential selection out of work may produce varied mental health outcomes for men and women. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to understand gender differences in mental health outcomes in relation to the components of gendered working environments.

Methods: The review followed a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) search approach and focused on studies published in 2008-2018.

Inequalities in extending working lives beyond age 60 in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and England-By gender, level of education and health.

Background: Keeping older workers in employment is critical for societies facing the challenge of an ageing population. This study examined the association between types of health conditions and differentials in the probability of employment by level of education among men and women between 60-69 years of age in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and England.

Methods: Data were drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

The impact of the disability support pension on mental health: evidence from 14 years of an Australian cohort.

Objective: To assess the effect of the Australian Disability Support Pension (DSP) on the symptomology of depression and anxiety over and above the effects of reporting a disability itself.

Methods: We used the Household Income Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey from 2004 to 2017. We used fixed effects regression to understand mental health differences (using the Mental Health Inventory-5 [MHI-5]) when a person reported: i) a disability; or ii) a disability and receiving the DSP) compared to when they reported no disability.

The impact of longstanding illness and common mental disorder on competing employment exits routes in older working age: A longitudinal data-linkage study in Sweden.

Objectives: Comorbidity is prevalent in older working ages and might affect employment exits. This study aimed to 1) assess the associations between comorbidity and different employment exit routes, and 2) examine such associations by gender.

Methods: We used data from employed adults aged 50-62 in the Stockholm Public Health Survey 2002 and 2006, linked to longitudinal administrative income records (N = 10,416).

Too sick to work, too healthy to qualify: a cross-country analysis of the effect of changes to disability benefits.

Background: Denmark and Sweden have implemented reforms that narrowed disability benefit eligibility criteria. Such reforms in combination with increasing work demands create a pincer movement where in particular those with moderate health problems might be unable to comply with work demands, but still not qualify for permanent disability benefits, ending up with temporary means-tested or no benefits. This paper examines whether this actually happened before and after the reforms.

Gendered Working Environments as a Determinant of Mental Health Inequalities: A Protocol for a Systematic Review.

Both gender and employment are critical and intersecting social determinants of mental and physical health. This paper describes the protocol used to conduct a systematic literature review of the relationship between "gendered working environments" and mental health. Gendered working environments (GWE) are conceptualised as involving: (1) differences in selection into work, and more specifically, occupations; (2) variation in employment arrangements and working hours; (3) disparities in psychosocial exposures at work, and; (4) differences in selection out of work.

Inequalities in employment rates among older men and women in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and the UK.

Background: In most developed countries, governments are implementing policies encouraging older persons to work past 65 years to reduce the burden on societies related to disability benefits and pension payments. Despite this push to extend working lives, we know little about who already works past this age and any inequalities that may exist. Our study investigates the employment rates of those aged 65-75 years of age by educational level, health status and sex in Canada (CAN), Denmark (DK), Sweden (SE) and the United Kingdom (UK).

Mental illnesses are not an 'ideal type' of disability for disability income support: Perceptions of policymakers in Australia and Canada.

This article aims to explore how policymakers conceptualise a person suitable for disability income support (DIS) and how this compares across two settings - Australia and Canada. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used; 45 policymakers in Australia and Canada were interviewed between March 2012 and September 2013. All policymakers are or were influential in the design or assessment of DIS.

Distrusting doctors' evidence: a qualitative study of disability income support policy makers.

Objective The aim of the present study was to describe how policy makers (bureaucrats and politicians) in Australia and Ontario (Canada) perceive evidence provided by doctors to substantiate applications for disability income support (DIS) by their patients with mental illnesses. Because many mental illnesses (e.g.

Disability income support design and mental illnesses: a review of Australia and Ontario.

Aim: Mental illnesses have many distinctive features that make determining eligibility for disability income support challenging - for example, their fluctuating nature, invisibility and lack of diagnostic clarity. How do policy makers deal with these features when designing disability income support? More specifically, how do mental illnesses come to be considered eligible disabilities, what tools are used to assess mental illnesses for eligibility, what challenges exist in this process, and what approaches are used to address these challenges? We aimed to determine what evidence is available to policy makers in Australia and Ontario, Canada, to answer these questions.

Methods: Ten electronic databases and grey literature in both jurisdictions were searched using key words, including disability income support, disability pension, mental illness, mental disability, addiction, depression and schizophrenia, for articles published between 1991 and June 2013.

Do 'flexicurity' Policies Work for People With Low Education and Health Problems? A Comparison of Labour Market Policies and Employment Rates in Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom 1990-2010.

People with limiting longstanding illness and low education may experience problems in the labor market. Reduced employment protection that maintains economic security for the individual, known as "flexicurity," has been proposed as a way to increase overall employment. We compared the development of labor market policies and employment rates from 1990 to 2010 in Denmark and the Netherlands (representing flexicurity), the United Kingdom, and Sweden.