Anionic polymers amplify electrokinetic perfusion through extracellular matrices.

Electrical stimulation (ES) promotes healing of chronic epidermal wounds and delays degeneration of articular cartilage. Despite electrotherapeutic treatment of these non-excitable tissues, the mechanisms by which ES promotes repair are unknown. We hypothesize that a beneficial role of ES is dependent on electrokinetic perfusion in the extracellular space and that it mimics the effects of interstitial flow.