Testing the generalizability of minimal group attitudes in minority and majority race children.

The minimal group effect, in which people prefer ingroup members to outgroup members even when group membership is trivially constructed, has been studied extensively in psychological science. Despite a large body of literature on this phenomenon, concerns persist regarding previous developmental research populations that are small and lack racial/ethnic diversity. In addition, it remains unclear what role holding membership within and interacting with specific racial/ethnic groups plays in the development of children's group attitudes.

Synergistic activation by Glass and Pointed promotes neuronal identity in the Drosophila eye disc.

The integration of extrinsic signaling with cell-intrinsic transcription factors can direct progenitor cells to differentiate into distinct cell fates. In the developing Drosophila eye, differentiation of photoreceptors R1-R7 requires EGFR signaling mediated by the transcription factor Pointed, and our single-cell RNA-Seq analysis shows that the same photoreceptors require the eye-specific transcription factor Glass. We find that ectopic expression of Glass and activation of EGFR signaling synergistically induce neuronal gene expression in the wing disc in a Pointed-dependent manner.

Children's attitudes about transgender identity disclosure and concealment.

Supportive peers are crucial for transgender children's well-being. Transgender children who live in their affirmed gender face decisions surrounding concealment and disclosure of their transgender identity. We sought to understand how cisgender (N = 115) and gender-diverse children (N = 127), and siblings of gender-diverse children (N = 63) think about transition disclosure and concealment.

Gender Development in Gender Diverse Children.

Within "mainstream" developmental science, gender researchers largely study the developmental trajectory of children considered to be "gender-typical", while research housed primarily in psychiatry and clinical psychology often documents the trajectories of gender diverse children. This article aims to bridge the studies of gender diversity and "mainstream" gender development. First, we review literature on the development of four commonly studied subgroups of gender diverse children - children referred to medical clinics because of their gender identity and expression, transgender children, female children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and tomboys - highlighting how these gender trajectories do or do not align with modal developmental patterns.

Where Have All the Rhinoplasties Gone? A Call to Action for Academic Plastic Surgeons to Focus on Increasing Rhinoplasty Procedures Before It Is Too Late.

Background: The armamentarium of a plastic surgeon is vast, consisting of an array of surgical procedures from head to toe. Unfortunately, plastic surgeons have been losing portions of their operative domain to other surgical subspecialties for years. The number of subspecialties invading our niche is bothersome, but more concerning is the fact that losing the reins of these core procedures results in less surgical exposure and competency for plastic surgery residents.

Young children apply the homophily principle to their reasoning about social relationships.

People who are in close relationships tend to do and like the same things, a phenomenon termed the "homophily principle." The present research probed for evidence of the homophily principle in 4- to 6-year-old children. Across two experiments, participants ( = 327; 166 girls, 161 boys; located in the Midwestern United States) were asked to predict the closeness of two people based on their preferences.

Retransitioning: The experiences of youth who socially transition genders more than once.

Retransitions in youth are critical to understand, as they are an experience about which little is known and about which families and clinicians worry. This study aims to qualitatively describe the experiences of youth who made binary social transitions (came to live as the binary gender different from the one assigned at birth) in childhood by the age of 12, and who later socially transitioned genders again (here, called "retransitioning"). Out of 317 participants in an ongoing longitudinal study of (initially) binary transgender youth, 23 participants had retransitioned at least once and were therefore eligible for this study.

Adults' pedagogical messages engender children's preference for self-resembling others.

These studies investigate the influence of adults' explicit attention to commonalities of appearance on children's preference for individuals resembling themselves. Three findings emerged: (1) An adult's identification of two dolls' respective similarity to and difference from the child led 3-year-olds to prefer the similar doll (study 1, n = 32). (2) When the adult did not comment on similarity, children age 6 years but not younger preferred physically similar individuals (study 2, n = 68), suggesting that a spontaneous preference for physically similar others does not emerge before school age.

A New 3-Stage Approach for Reoperative Hypospadias.

Background: Most hypospadias patients undergo 1 surgical procedure and go on to live normal lives. However, there is a small subset of patients who have remaining functional complications after their repair. Patients presenting with diffuse scarring of the urethral plate and a shortage of penile skin for closure are referred to as "hypospadias cripples.

Direct Reprogramming of Cardiac Fibroblasts to Repair the Injured Heart.

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Those that survive acute myocardial infarction are at significant risk of subsequent heart failure due to fibrotic remodelling of the infarcted myocardium. By applying knowledge from the study of embryonic cardiovascular development, modern medicine offers hope for treatment of this condition through regeneration of the myocardium by direct reprogramming of fibrotic scar tissue.

RUNX2/miR‑31/SATB2 pathway in nickel‑induced BEAS‑2B cell transformation.

Nickel (Ni) compounds are classified as Group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and are known to be carcinogenic to the lungs. In our previous study, special AT‑rich sequence‑binding protein 2 (SATB2) was required for Ni‑induced BEAS‑2B cell transformation. In the present study, a pathway that regulates the expression of SATB2 protein was investigated in Ni‑transformed BEAS‑2B cells using western blotting and RT‑qPCR for expression, and soft agar, migration and invasion assays for cell transformation.

Are category labels primary? Children use similarities to reason about social groups.

While interpersonal similarities impact young children's peer judgments, little work has assessed whether they also guide group-based reasoning. A common assumption has been that category labels rather than 'mere' similarities are unique constituents of such reasoning; the present work challenges this. Children (ages 3-9) viewed groups defined by category labels or shared preferences, and their social inferences were assessed.

Characterization of Guided Entry of Tail-Anchored Proteins 3 Homologues in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

We characterized an operon in , Rv3679-Rv3680, in which each open reading frame is annotated to encode "anion transporter ATPase" homologues. Using structure prediction modeling, we found that Rv3679 and Rv3680 more closely resemble the uided ntry of ail-anchored proteins (Get3) chaperone in eukaryotes. Get3 delivers proteins into the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and is essential for the normal growth and physiology of some eukaryotes.

Zinc intoxication induces ferroptosis in A549 human lung cells.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace metal required for all forms of life, but is toxic at high concentrations. While the toxic effects of high levels of Zn are well documented, the mechanism of cell death appears to vary based on the study and concentration of Zn. Zn has been proposed as an anti-cancer treatment against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Exploring the association between initial serum alcohol concentration and polysubstance use: More than a simple "gateway drug" effect?

Introduction: Polysubstance abuse (PSA) is a significant problem affecting our society. In addition to negatively affecting the health and well-being of substance users, alcohol and/or drug abuse is also associated with heavy injury burden. The goal of this study was to determine if elevated serum alcohol (EtOH) levels on initial trauma evaluation correlate with the simultaneous presence of other substances of abuse (SOAs).

An Integrated, High-Throughput Strategy for Multiomic Systems Level Analysis.

Proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics generate comprehensive data sets, and current biocomputational capabilities allow their efficient integration for systems biology analysis. Published multiomics studies cover methodological advances as well as applications to biological questions. However, few studies have focused on the development of a high-throughput, unified sample preparation approach to complement high-throughput omic analytics.

Cytokinin Signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It was recently reported that the human-exclusive pathogen secretes cytokinins, which had only been known as plant hormones. While cytokinins are well-established, adenine-based signaling molecules in plants, they have never been shown to participate in signal transduction in other kingdoms of life. is not known to interact with plants.

Not Noble Savages after all: Limits to early altruism.

Many scholars draw on evidence from evolutionary biology, behavioral economics, and infant research to argue that humans are "noble savages", endowed with indiscriminate kindness. We believe this is mistaken. While there is evidence for an early-emerging moral sense - even infants recognize and favor instances of fairness and kindness amongst third parties - altruistic behaviors are selective from the start.

Role of miR-31 and SATB2 in arsenic-induced malignant BEAS-2B cell transformation.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring and highly potent metalloid known to elicit serious public health concerns. Today, approximately 200 million people around the globe are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water at levels greater than the World Health Organization's recommended limit of 10 parts per billion. As a class I human carcinogen, arsenic exposure is known to elicit various cancers, including lung, skin, liver, and kidney.

Nickel and cadmium-induced SLBP depletion: A potential pathway to metal mediated cellular transformation.

Both nickel and cadmium compounds have been established as group I carcinogens for several decades. Despite over-whelming evidence of these compounds' carcinogenicity in humans, the specific underlying molecular mechanisms that govern metal induced cellular transformation remain unclear. In this study, we found that there were slightly different effects on decreased SLBP mRNA and protein as well as increased polyA H3.

Tungsten exposure causes a selective loss of histone demethylase protein.

In the course of our investigations into the toxicity of tungstate, we discovered that cellular exposure resulted in the loss of the histone demethylase protein. We specifically investigated the loss of two histone demethylase dioxygenases, JARID1A and JMJD1A. Both of these proteins were degraded in the presence of tungstate and this resulted in increased global levels of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2, the substrates of JARID1A and JMJD1A, respectively.

Integrated, High-Throughput, Multiomics Platform Enables Data-Driven Construction of Cellular Responses and Reveals Global Drug Mechanisms of Action.

An understanding of how cells respond to perturbation is essential for biological applications; however, most approaches for profiling cellular response are limited in scope to pre-established targets. Global analysis of molecular mechanism will advance our understanding of the complex networks constituting cellular perturbation and lead to advancements in areas, such as infectious disease pathogenesis, developmental biology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and toxicology. We have developed a high-throughput multiomics platform for comprehensive, de novo characterization of cellular mechanisms of action.

SEC-SANS: size exclusion chromatography combined with small-angle neutron scattering.

The first implementation and use of an size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system on a small-angle neutron scattering instrument (SANS) is described. The possibility of deploying such a system for biological solution scattering at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) has arisen from the fact that current day SANS instruments at ILL now allow datasets to be acquired using small sample volumes with exposure times that are often shorter than a minute. This capability is of particular importance for the study of unstable biological macromolecules where aggregation or denaturation issues are a major problem.

Dietary zinc alters the microbiota and decreases resistance to Clostridium difficile infection.

Clostridium difficile is the most commonly reported nosocomial pathogen in the United States and is an urgent public health concern worldwide. Over the past decade, incidence, severity and costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically.