Emerging Roles of Neuronal Extracellular Vesicles at the Synapse.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from most, if not all, cell types and are implicated in short- and long-distance signaling throughout the body. EVs are also secreted from neurons and represent an emergent neuronal communication platform. Understanding the functional implications of EV signaling to recipient neurons and glia requires understanding the cell biology involved in EV biogenesis, cargo loading, secretion, uptake, and signal transduction in the recipient cell.

Sympathetic neurons secrete retrogradely transported TrkA on extracellular vesicles.

Proper wiring of the peripheral nervous system relies on neurotrophic signaling via nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF secreted by target organs (i.e.

Dynamics and distribution of endosomes and lysosomes in dendrites.

All cells are filled with membrane-bound organelles which are responsible for the synthesis and transport as well as degradation of membrane proteins. The localization of these organelles inside cells is highly regulated. The regulation of organelle positioning has been widely studied in many cell types.

Mice Harboring a Non-Functional Allele Fail to Model the Epileptic Phenotype in Patients Carrying Variant .

CILK1 (ciliogenesis associated kinase 1)/ICK (intestinal cell kinase) is a highly conserved protein kinase that regulates primary cilia structure and function. mutations cause a wide spectrum of human diseases collectively called ciliopathies. While several heterozygous variants have been recently linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), it remains unclear whether these mutations cause seizures.

Different Inhibitors of Aβ42-Induced Toxicity Have Distinct Metal-Ion Dependency.

Oligomers of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) are thought to be the proximal toxic agents initiating the neuropathologic process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, targeting the self-assembly and oligomerization of Aβ has been an important strategy for designing AD therapeutics. In parallel, research into the metallobiology of AD has shown that Zn can strongly modulate the aggregation of Aβ in vitro and both promote and inhibit the neurotoxicity of Aβ, depending on the experimental conditions.