Four-year-olds selectively transmit true information.

Two experiments (N = 112) were conducted to examine preschoolers' concern for the truth when transmitting information. A first experiment (Pilot Experiment) revealed that 4-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, selectively transmitted information marked as true versus information marked as false. The second experiment (Main Experiment) showed that 4-year-olds selectively transmitted true information regardless of whether their audience lacked knowledge (Missing Knowledge Context) or information (Missing Information Context) about the subject matter.

Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Response to Chemotherapy.

Purpose: Mutations or copy number abnormalities of genes involved in homologous recombination (HR) occur in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). DNA-based measures of HR deficiency (HRD) have been developed and may help identify tumors with better response to DNA-damaging agents. This study aimed to describe the HR pathway mutations and HRD status and determine their association with treatment response and outcome in patients with PDAC.

Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Noninvasive Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Is Cytomorphologically Distinct From the Invasive Counterpart.

Objectives: To review a series of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FVPTCs) in an attempt to further define the role of cytopathology in the diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features and invasive FVPTC.

Methods: Surgical pathology cases diagnosed as FVPTC with correlating thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were identified and divided into two FVPTC groups: noninvasive and invasive. Cytologic diagnoses were compared between them.

Pathological complete response with anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with microsatellite instable high, BRAF mutant metastatic colon cancer: a case report and review of literature.

Importance: Mismatch repair (MMR) and BRAF mutation status are established independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). MMR deficient tumors are considered to have better prognosis whereas BRAF mutation is associated with poor prognosis. Studies evaluating the combined effect of BRAF and MMR status suggest MSI-high and BRAF mutant patients have a poorer prognosis as compared to MSI-high and BRAF wild type patients.

Detection of BRAF mutations on direct smears of thyroid fine-needle aspirates through cell transfer technique.

Objectives: To determine the utility of the cell transfer technique (CTT) for BRAF molecular testing on thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens.

Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based BRAF molecular testing was performed on tissues obtained through CTT from both air-dried and ethanol-fixed direct smears of thyroid FNA specimens and then compared with the corresponding thyroidectomy formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues on 30 cases.

Results: BRAF testing was successfully performed on 29 of 30 air-dried CTT, 27 of 30 ethanol-fixed CTT, and 27 of 30 FFPE tissues.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the pancreas: a retrospective study of 1000 cases.

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has emerged as a superior method for the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. Very few large studies have been published. We retrospectively examined 1000 cases to determine the sensitivity and specificity of EUS-guided FNA for solid and cystic lesions.