Where Are All the Female Participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine Research? A Decade Later.

Background: In 2014, Costello and colleagues published a sentinel paper spotlighting the large disparity of female versus male representation within sports science and sports medicine (SSSM) research.

Purpose: To (1) revisit the method published by Costello et al a decade later to evaluate female representation and (2) ascertain whether study designs account for menstrual status.

Study Design: Systematic Review; Level of evidence, 4.

Evaluation of rest interval following a series of tuck jumps on anaerobic performance.

Background/objective: This study assessed the influence of rest interval duration after tuck jumps on 10-s Wingate outcomes and countermovement jump height.

Methods: Eighteen resistance trained individuals (males: n = 10, 21.3 ± 3.

Auditing the Representation of Female Athletes in Sports Medicine Research: Achilles Repair.

Background: Establishing evidence-based recommendations specific to female athletes has been overlooked in sports medicine. Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, occurring in 15 to 55 per 100 000 people annually. Differences in injury rates could be due to hormonal effects, as estrogen receptors have been identified in tendons along with decreased tendon strain based on oral contraceptive use.

Auditing the Representation of Female Athletes in Sports Medicine Research: Fifth-Metatarsal Fractures.

Background: Female representation within athletics has increased as a result of Title IX, rising popularity, demand for equal compensation, and greater participation in multiple sports. Despite this, gender disparities in sports medicine research are apparent. This project serves to review the literature available on fifth-metatarsal fractures and assess the representation of female athletes in current literature.

A Brief Review of the Literature for Published Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Protocols for Athletes.

Context: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely known for its utility in diagnosing a patient with osteopenia or osteoporosis; however, its utility in evaluation of body composition and potential athletic performance was previously routinely overlooked. In recent years, athletic programs have begun employing this equipment during athlete screening. However, it is currently unknown how athletic programs are utilizing this information to guide an athlete's training and health.

Effect of six weeks of resistance training on bone preservation in older adults: a randomized control trial.

Background: It has been established that chronic resistance exercise contributes to positive changes to bone in older adults.

Aims: This study evaluated the effect of 6 weeks of resistance exercise with either elastic bands or dumbbells vs. a control period on bone morphology of older adults.

Various Definitions of Failure Are Used in Studies of Patients Who Underwent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Purpose: To conduct a literature review to assess the definitions of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) failure used throughout the orthopaedic literature.

Methods: A systematic search of Embase, Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science was conducted by a university librarian to identity level I-IV clinical studies on ACLR failure. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients who underwent ACLR and included a definition of failure of ACLR.

Evaluation of raw segmental bioelectrical impedance variables throughout anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation.

Raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) variables are related to physical function in healthy and diseased populations. Therefore, BIA may be an insightful, noninvasive method of assessment to track following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).Evaluate phase angle, reactance and impedance at 50 kHz (PhA, Xc, and, respectively) in the operative (OP) and non-operative (NOP) limbs during ACLR rehabilitation.

Acute muscle swelling effects of a knee rehabilitation exercise performed with and without blood flow restriction.

This study assessed the acute effect of adding blood flow restriction (BFR) to quad sets on muscle-cross sectional area (mCSA), muscle thickness (MT), echo intensity (EI), and subcutaneous fat-normalized EI (EINORM) of the superficial quadriceps muscles. Twelve males and 12 females (mean±SD; age (yrs): 21.4±2.

Epidemiology of Ankle Sprain in the Active-Duty Military Population.

»: Ankle sprain is one of the most prevalent injuries within the military population, resulting in health-care costs, time away from active duty, and negative impacts on overall readiness.

»: Female service members appear to be more likely to sustain ankle sprains than male service members.

»: There is a need for additional research on prevention methods and rehabilitation programs for ankle sprains in the military population because the rate of ankle sprain in this population exceeds that in populations with less physically demanding lifestyles.

Skeletal muscle analysis of panoramic ultrasound is reliable across multiple raters.

Ultrasound devices are common in muscle physiology laboratories due to their ease of use and validity to assess skeletal muscle characteristics. The current study assessed the reliability of ultrasound skeletal muscle image analysis across multiple raters with limited experience. Vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and first dorsal interosseus (FDI) images were separately analyzed by three novice raters to determine muscle thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity (EI).

Treatment of Chronic Ankle Instability in the Military Population: A Systematic Review.

Background: The high incidence of ankle sprain within the military sets the stage for prevalent chronic ankle instability. The purpose of this review was to compare and evaluate chronic ankle instability treatment strategies in the military population.

Methods: Electronic databases were systematically searched in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines for English-language, human studies with a military patient population that had been diagnosed with and treated for chronic ankle instability.

Agreement between multifrequency BIA and DXA for assessing segmental appendicular skeletal muscle mass in older adults.

Background: Aging presents changes in muscle mass that may lead to sarcopenia. Identifying safe, quick, and accessible methods to assess muscle mass is imperative.

Aims: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the assessments of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Evaluation of High-Intensity Interval Training and Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Efficiency of Electrical Activity and Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold.

Herda, AA, Smith-Ryan, AE, Kendall, KL, Cramer, JT, and Stout, JR. Evaluation of high-intensity interval training and beta-alanine supplementation on efficiency of electrical activity and electromyographic fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1535-1541, 2021-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with or without β-alanine (BA) supplementation on the electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) and efficiency of electrical activity (EEA) in young women.

Short-term resistance training in older adults improves muscle quality: A randomized control trial.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether dumbbell resistance training (DBRT) and elastic band resistance training (EBRT) are equally beneficial in the older adult. Sixty-five healthy participants (mean±SD; age=66.5±7.

Changes in Strength, Mobility, and Body Composition Following Self-Selected Exercise in Older Adults.

The purpose of this trial was to examine the effects of self-selected exercise intensities plus either whey protein or placebo supplementation on vital signs, body composition, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and mobility in older adults. A total of 101 participants aged 55 years and older (males [n = 34] and females [n = 67]) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of self-selected, free-weight resistance exercise plus 30 min of self-paced walking three times per week. The participants were randomized into two groups: whey protein (n = 46) or placebo (n = 55).

Effects of Short-Term Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training and Subsequent Detraining on Strength of the Trained and Untrained Limbs: A Randomized Trial.

Short-term resistance training has been shown to increase isokinetic muscle strength and performance after only two to nine days of training. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three days of unilateral dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) training and detraining on the strength of the trained and untrained legs. Nineteen men were randomly assigned to a DCER training group or a non-training control group.

Acute effects of passive stretching of the plantarflexor muscles on neuromuscular function: the influence of age.

The acute effects of stretching on peak force (Fpeak), percent voluntary activation (%VA), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, maximum range of motion (MROM), peak passive torque, the passive resistance to stretch, and the percentage of ROM at EMG onset (%EMGonset) were examined in 18 young and 19 old men. Participants performed a MROM assessment and a maximal voluntary contraction of the plantarflexors before and immediately after 20 min of passive stretching. Fpeak (-11 %), %VA (-6 %), and MG EMG amplitude (-9 %) decreased after stretching in the young, but not the old (P > 0.

Photobiomodulation in the treatment of patients with non-center-involving diabetic macular oedema.

Purpose: Far-red/near-infrared phototherapy or photobiomodulation (PBM) has recently been reported to be an effective and non-invasive treatment method to inhibit lesions of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in animals. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of PBM in diabetic patients to treat non-center-involving diabetic macular oedema (NCDME).

Methods: This was a non-randomised, consecutive, case series, where 4 patients with type 2 diabetes with NCDME were treated for 160 s per day with PBM for 2-9 months.

Cross-validation of the recumbent stepper submaximal exercise test to predict peak oxygen uptake in older adults.

Background: Submaximal exercise testing can have a greater application in clinical settings because peak exercise testing is generally not available. In previous work, a prediction equation was developed to estimate peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) using a total body recumbent stepper (TBRS) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) protocol in adults who were healthy.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to cross-validate the TBRS peak Vo2 prediction equation in older adults.

Age-related changes in the rate of muscle activation and rapid force characteristics.

Declines in muscle size and strength are commonly reported as a consequence of aging; however, few studies have investigated the influence of aging on the rate of muscle activation and rapid force characteristics across the lifespan. This study aims to investigate the effects of aging on the rate of muscle activation and rapid force characteristics of the plantar flexors. Plantar flexion peak force (PF), absolute (peak, 50, and 100-200 ms), and relative (10 %, 30 %, and 50 %) rate of force development (RFD), the rapid to maximal force ratio (RFD/PF), and the rate of electromyography rise (RER) were examined during an isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in young (age = 22 ± 2 years), middle-aged (43 ± 2 years), and old (69 ± 5 years) men.