Using Genetic Data to Determine Origin for Out-Migrating Smolt and Returning Adult Steelhead Trout () in a Southeast Alaska Drainage.

is a partially migratory salmonid species, and many migratory populations (known as steelhead) have declined in recent decades in the western United States and Canada. Closely related resident populations (known as rainbow trout) may be an effective resource in the recovery of these declining migratory populations. However, the extent to which different populations of resident rainbow trout produce migratory individuals and how likely these individuals are to return as adults to spawn remains unknown.

Birds Perceive More Intraspecific Color Variation in Bird-Pollinated Than Bee-Pollinated Flowers.

Pollinator-mediated selection is expected to constrain floral color variation within plant populations. Here, we test for patterns of constraint on floral color variation in 38 bee- and/or hummingbird-pollinated plant species from Colorado, United States. We collected reflectance spectra for at least 15 individuals in each of 1-3 populations of each species (total 78 populations) and modeled perceived color variation in both bee and bird visual spaces.

A retrospective analysis of patient perceived outcomes in patients 55 years and older undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Study Design/setting: Retrospective review of clinical outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery with allograft and plating in patients over 55 years of age.

Objective: To evaluate the results of ACDF surgery in patients aged 55 years and older.

Summary Of Background Data: ACDF surgery has been a standard treatment for cervical degenerative and herniated disc disease for many years.

Long-term outcome and risk factors of proximal femoral fracture in uncemented and cemented total hip arthroplasty in 2551 hips.

Proximal femoral fractures are relatively common during total hip arthroplasty. The purposes of this study were to identify risk factors associated with femoral fractures and determine their effect on femoral stem survivorship. A total of 2551 hips were examined with up to 16 years of follow-up (mean, 6.