Analytical design of inhomogeneous flat lenses for high gain applications in an arbitrary direction.

To the best of our knowledge, in this paper, a new technique is presented for designing and analyzing inhomogeneous flat lenses. The technique is based on the critical angle theorem. Slab and wedge lenses are presented in this manuscript.

Planar metamaterial sensor with graphene elliptical rings in transmission mode.

A periodic planar metamaterial sensor in the terahertz band based on surface plasmon polariton resonances is proposed and studied. The unit cell includes four half-elliptical graphene rings located on a three-layer substrate including a layer, an air gap, and another layer. The embedded air gap between the two layers of improves the sensitivity of the sensor.

Bladder cancer detection using electrical impedance technique (tabriz mark 1).

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in men and the eighth in women. Bladder pathology is usually investigated visually by cystoscopy. In this technique, biopsies are obtained from the suspected area and then, after needed procedure, the diagnostic information can be taken.

The feasibility of computational modelling technique to detect the bladder cancer.

A numerical technique, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to model the electrical properties, the bio impedance of the bladder tissue in order to predict the bladder cancer. This model results showed that the normal bladder tissue have significantly higher impedance than the malignant tissue that was in opposite with the impedance measurements or the experimental results. Therefore, this difference can be explained using the effects of inflammation, oedema on the urothelium and the property of the bladder as a distensible organ.

Modeled current distribution inside the normal and malignant human urothelium using finite element analysis.

When the tissue is changing from normal to abnormal, the distribution of tissue liquids between intra and extra cellular space will be changed and then the measured conductivity and impedivity will also be changed. Therefore, it will cause a different current distribution inside the human bladder tissue in normal and malignant cases. By knowing the amount of electrical impedance inside the bladder tissue and the morphological parameters of the different layers of this tissue, the current distribution inside the bladder tissue (surface fluid, superficial urothelium, intermediate urothelium, basal urothelium, basement membrane, and connective tissue) was modelled and calculated in different frequencies using the finite element analysis.

Surface fluids effects on the bladder tissue characterisation using electrical impedance spectroscopy.

The electrical impedance of the human urinary bladder in both benign and malignant areas can be measured using an electrical impedance spectroscopy system (EIS). Glycine is usually used in the bladder surgery in the theatre to make an insulation medium for electro-surgery and the extension of the mucosa. In addition, a saline solution is usually used to wash the inside of the bladder after bladder surgery and it is used to extend the bladder tissue mucosa.

Cellular morphological parameters of the human urinary bladder (malignant and normal).

The normal and malignant cellular morphological parameters (intra- and extracellular spaces of the human urinary bladder) were obtained from analysis of digital images of bladder histology sections. Then these cellular morphological parameters were compared with the same parameters obtained from the literature for the bladder tissue. However, the limited quantitative data about these parameters available in the literature for bladder cell sizes and other geometrical parameters such as extra-cellular space does not provide a scientific basis to construct accurate structural models of normal and malignant bladder tissue.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology.

Bladder pathology is usually investigated visually by cystoscopy. At present, definitive diagnosis of the bladder can be made by biopsy only, usually under general anaesthesia. This is a relatively high-cost procedure in terms of both time and money and is associated with discomfort for the patient and morbidity.