Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review.

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that causes significant economic losses in the poultry sector.

A new insight in immunomodulatory impact of botanicals in treating avian coccidiosis.

Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus i.e. and and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds.

Evaluation of Sodium Alginate Stabilized Nanoparticles and Antibiotics against Drug Resistant Isolated from Gut of Houbara Bustard Bird.

Alternative approaches and/or modified approaches to tackle resistance in gut microbes are need of the hour. The current study was planned to find the resistance modulation and toxicity potential of sodium alginate stabilized MgO nanoparticles and antibiotics against () isolated from the gut of Houbara bustard bird ( = 105 fecal samples). The preparations consisted of gel stabilized ampicillin (G+A), gel stabilized MgO and ampicillin (G+M+A), gel stabilized MgO and cefoxitin (G+M+C), gel stabilized tylosin (G+T), gel stabilized MgO and tylosin (G+M+T), and gel stabilized MgO (M+G).

Vaccines against chicken coccidiosis with particular reference to previous decade: progress, challenges, and opportunities.

Chicken coccidiosis is an economically significant disease of commercial chicken industry accounting for losses of more than £10.4 billion (according to 2016 prices). Additionally, the costs incurred in prophylaxis and therapeutics against chicken coccidiosis in developing countries (for instance Pakistan according to 2018 prices) reached US $45,000.

Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Their Role as Potential Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Parasitic Diseases.

Protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites are the major groups of parasites distributed worldwide. Currently, these parasites are treated with chemotherapeutic antiprotozoal drugs, anti-helminthic and anti-ectoparasitic agents, but, with the passage of time, resistance to these drugs has developed due to overuse. In this scenario, nanoparticles are proving to be a major breakthrough in the treatment and control of parasitic diseases.

Assessment of Avermectins-Induced Toxicity in Animals.

Macrocyclic lactones, particularly the avermectins, have completely revolutionized the approaches aimed at control of parasites. These avermectins are the most widely used anti-parasitic drugs in veterinary field with sales exceeding one billion US dollars annually. However, before clinical usage, their safety evaluation in the animals is a major critical factor that must be considered.

Helminth protection against type-1 diabetes: an insight into immunomodulatory effect of helminth-induced infection.

Helminths are the old dirty friends of humans from decades and may live undetected by the immune system for years in the tissues. They have evolved as good experts at subverting the immune system. Despite of their pathogenicity, they provide protection to their host against certain inflammatory diseases such as diabetes by modulating the immune mechanisms.

Repellent and acaricidal activity of essential oils and their components against Rhipicephalus ticks in cattle.

Ticks, particularly the Rhipicephalus which are the most prevalent and invasive affect 80 % of the cattle population worldwide. Through transmission of pathogens, tick worry and physical damage to the hides, ticks cause economic loss of billions of dollars each year with 1 billion US dollars loss per annum reported only in Latin-America. These losses can be minimized only by successful management of Rhipicephalus ticks.

Influence on the reactivity properties of the substitution by different halogens on the conjugated backbone of the 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazoline skeleton in relation to the increasing alkyloxy chain length: a conceptual density functional theory study.

A series of non-substituted 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines and pyrazolines substituted with Fluoro (-F), Chloro (-Cl) and Bromo (-Br) groups at the 3-aryl position were studied. All calculations were done using the conceptual framework of density functional theory. The geometries and reactivity properties were analyzed according to an increase from one to twelve alkyl units in the 5-aryl of 2-pyrazoline ring.

In vivo anticoccidial effects of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) in broiler chickens.

Recently, use of botanicals as an alternative to anticoccidial drugs has been appealing approach for controlling avian coccidiosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of aqueous methanolic extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of body weight) of Beta vulgaris (roots) in broiler chicks. A total of 315 day old broiler chicks were divided into seven equal groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G).

Prevalence and associated risk factors of haemoparasites, and their effects on hematological profile in domesticated chickens in District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Several haemoparasites commonly infect avian species, including chicken that significantly decline productivity and ultimately lead to high mortality rate. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of haemoparasites in domesticated chickens in and around District Layyah, Punjab Province, Pakistan. For this purpose, blood samples from a total of 384 backyard chickens were collected from wing vein using sterile insulin syringe.

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of new N-acyl-2-pyrazolines bearing homologous alkyloxy side chains.

A series of new pyrazoline derivatives (1a-2h) equipped with N-acyl arms and homologous alkyloxy side chains were synthesized and characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data and microanalysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity to examine the effect of alkyloxy side chain length on activity. Compounds with odd number of carbons in alkyloxy side chain showed better activity as compared to even ones.

Synthesis and spectral characterization of new homologous 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines: Influence of alkyloxy chain length on fluorescence.

Twelve new homologous 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines (1c-12c) have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of their spectral (IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR and MS) data and microanalysis. The influence of alkyloxy chain length on absorption and fluorescence properties of 1c-12c was studied by UV-Vis and emission spectroscopy. For all the compounds, fluorescence was observed in the blue region of the visible spectrum.

Synthesis and spectral characterization of new 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines highlighting effect of alkyloxy chain length on fluorescence.

A series of new 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines (1b-12b) having one to twelve carbon alkyloxy side chains were synthesized and characterized on the basis of their spectral (IR, (1)H &(13)C NMR and GC-MS) and microanalytical data. The UV-Vis and emission spectroscopy was used to study the effect of alkyloxy chain length on absorption and fluorescence properties of 1b-12b. All the compounds showed fluorescence in the blue region of the visible spectrum.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, self-assembly and biological studies of N-acyl-2-pyrazolines bearing long alkoxy side chains.

A series of new pyrazoline derivatives (1b-4c) bearing N-acyl arms and nine to twelve carbon long alkoxy side chains was synthesized and characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data and microanalysis. The nature of self-assembly to understand the interplay of alkoxy chain crystallization and various supramolecular interactions was investigated using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Interesting self-assembled supramolecular structures of 1b and 4c were observed in the crystal lattice owing to various CH⋯O, H⋯H, CH⋯π, lonepair⋯π and π⋯π interactions.

Crystallographic structure and quantum chemical computations of 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline.

In this study the experimental crystallographic structure and the calculated optimized geometric parameters, vibrational wavenumbers, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR chemical shift values, electronic absorption maximum wavelength values, HOMO-LUMO analysis, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline (in abbreviated 1h), molecule, (C24H24N2O), by using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in the ground state have been reported for the first time. Furthermore the IR and Raman spectra of title molecule were simulated by using calculated vibrational results. Geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) vibrational wavenumbers and (13)C &(1)H NMR chemical shift values for the mentioned compound calculated at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Synthesis, characterization and fluorescent property evaluation of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines.

A series of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines was synthesized by dissolving the corresponding 4-alkoxychalcones in glacial acetic acid containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This step was followed by the addition of (3,4-dimethylphenyl) hydrazaine hydrochloride. Finally the target compounds were precipitated by pouring the reaction mixture onto crushed ice.

1-[5-(4-Meth-oxy-phen-yl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone.

The title mol-ecule, C(18)H(18)N(2)O(2), is V-shaped with the pyrazoline moiety being inclined to the adjacent phenyl ring by an angle of 6.49 (9)°, while the 4-meth-oxy-substituted ring is inclined to the pyrazoline ring by 82.99 (9)°.

1-{5-[4-(Hex-yloxy)phen-yl]-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl}ethanone.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(23)H(28)N(2)O(2), is composed of discrete mol-ecules with bond lengths and angles quite typical for pyrazoline derivatives of this class. The plane containing the pyrazoline unit is nearly planar with the mean plane of the phenyl ring at the 3-position, making a dihedral angle of 1.96 (3)°.

(E)-4-Nitro-benzaldehyde oxime.

In the title compound, C(7)H(6)N(2)O(3), the planes containing the CNO and ONO atoms subtend dihedral angles of 5.47 (5) and 8.31 (5)°, respectively, with the benzene ring.

4-Hex-yloxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde.

The title compound, C(14)H(20)O(3), is a synthetic analogue with a long aliphatic side chain of the important food additive and flavoring agent, vanillin. There are two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, each having an essentially planar conformation (r.m.

(E)-3-[4-(Pent-yloxy)phen-yl]-1-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one.

The title compound, C(20)H(22)O(2), crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. In each mol-ecule, all the non-H atoms lie in a common plane (r.m.