Sedimentary and environmental conditions of Al-Rassafeh Badyieh (Area-2), Syria through aerial gamma ray spectrometry and multifractal techniques.

The interpretation of aerial gamma ray spectrometry in term of geological and environmental analysis is undertaken herein through applying a specific methodology including different radioactive and statistical techniques for characterizing the sedimentary and environmental conditions of the Al-Rassafeh Badyieh (Area-2), Syria. The radioactive technique uses the uranium favorability index (U) and alteration(F) parameters, that are evaluated through analyzing the relationships between eU, eTh, K and their ratios (eTh/eU, eU/eK, and eTh/eK) for the nine scored lithological units already determined in the study area. The statistical technique applies the non linear multifractal approach with the concentration-number model (C-N) and log-log graphs to differentiate between different radioactive ranges of U and F parameters.

Radioactivity and heat production characterization by natural gamma ray well logging and multi-fractal techniques in banting district, Malaysia.

Natural gamma ray well logging technique is used to characterize the radioactivity (GR) laterally and vertically in Banting district, SW of Malaysia. Seven drilled boreholes, along N-S profile with their natural gamma ray records are utilized to compute the heat production (HP) parameter, based on the Bucker and Rybach relationship.The analysis of 3467 measured points in those boreholes indicates that GR varies between 6.

Exploration of probable hydrocarbon micro-seepage accumulations in Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, central Syria by using airborne gamma-ray spectrometric technique.

Aerial gamma-ray spectrometry technique is used herein as an indirect approach for petroleum prospecting to investigate possible hydrocarbon stratigraphic and structural traps of Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Syria. This indirect approach is based on the thorium Th normalization technique, oriented towards suppressing the influence of the regional geological signatures. The use of the thorium normalization technique in the study Area-3 allows to detect new subtle micro-seepage anomalous patterns.

Radioactive heat production of Syrian territory.

Gamma-ray spectrometry is applied to estimate equivalent uranium (eU), equivalent thorium (eTh), and K% of 748 rock samples collected from Syrian territory. The spectrometry results are used to evaluate and map the radioactive heat production (HP) of Syria. A new approach involving the multifractal technique with the concentration-number model (CN) and log-log plots was originally proposed and hence applied in this paper to map the distribution of uranium concentration and HP of Syria.

Heat production estimation by using natural gamma-ray well-logging technique in phosphatic khneifis deposit in Syria.

Natural gamma-ray (GR) well-logging technique is used to estimate the radioactive heat production (HP) parameter as a function of depth, in the phosphatic Khneifis deposit in Palmyrides region in Syria. Seven available drilled wells with their natural GR records are used to characterize and estimate the HP magnitude in the study region. The analysis of 2660 measured points in those wells shows that HP varies between a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 7.

Estimation and mapping of radioactive heat production by aerial spectrometric gamma and fractal modeling techniques in the Syrian desert (Area-1), Syria.

Radioactive heat production (HP) in the Syrian desert (Area-1) is estimated by using the available data of aerial spectrometric gamma technique. The HP is separately well characterized for 10 geological units, which are identified on the already established Area-1 scored map. Fractal technique combined with concentration-number (C-N) model and log-log graphs is used to map total radioactivity, equivalent uranium, and HP in Area-1.

Multifractal approach for delineating uranium anomalies related to phosphatic deposits in Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Syria.

Multifractal Concentration-Number (C-N) modeling approach has been developed and applied to Airborne Gamma Spectrometry (AGS) data related to Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Syria. The application of the multifractal approach basically aimed at separating uranium anomalies from background. The AGS technique has been applied for uranium exploration in Syria, where four radioactive parameters were recorded, T.

Self organizing map neural networks approach for lithologic interpretation of nuclear and electrical well logs in basaltic environment, Southern Syria.

An approach based on self organizing map (SOM) artificial neural networks is proposed herewith oriented towards interpreting nuclear and electrical well logging data. The well logging measurements of Kodana well in Southern Syria have been interpreted by applying the proposed approach. Lithological cross-section model of the basaltic environment has been derived and four different kinds of basalt have been consequently distinguished.

Fractal theory modeling for interpreting nuclear and electrical well logging data and establishing lithological cross section in basaltic environment (case study from Southern Syria).

Fractal theory modeling technique is newly proposed in this research for interpreting the combination of nuclear well logging, including natural gamma ray, density and neutron-porosity, and the electrical well logging of long and short normal, for establishing the lithological cross section in basaltic environments. The logging data of Kodana well, localized in Southern Syria are used for testing and applying the proposed technique. The established cross section clearly shows the distribution and the identification of four kinds of basalt which are hard massive basalt, hard basalt, pyroclastic basalt and the alteration basalt products, clay.

Erratum to: Lessening the adverse effect of the semivariogram model selection on an interpolative survey using kriging technique.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2142-4.].

Lessening the adverse effect of the semivariogram model selection on an interpolative survey using kriging technique.

Objective: Many parameters in environmental, scientific and human sciences investigations need to be interpolated. Geostatistics, with its structural analysis step, is widely used for this purpose. This precious step that evaluates data correlation and dependency is performed thanks to semivariogram.

Uranium remobilization and migration evaluation through aerial spectrometric gamma technique in Syrian Desert (Area-1), Syria.

Uranium remobilization and migration in the Syrian Desert (Area-1) has been evaluated through analyzing the data of aerial spectrometric gamma technique and examining different radioactive geophysical approaches. The ten geological units identified on the already established scored map have been well characterized through analyzing their contents of eU, eTh, and K%, and studying the mutual relationships between those elements and their ratios. This is done in order to define the regional variation trends of the uranium migration in Area-1, and to evaluate the degree of uranium remobilization.

Evaluation of radioactive environmental hazards in Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Central Syria using airborne spectrometric gamma technique.

Airborne spectrometric gamma data are used in this paper to estimate the degree of radioactive hazard on humanity in Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Central Syria. Exposure Rate (ER), Absorbed Dose Rate (ADR), Annual Effective Dose Rate (AEDR), and Heat Production (HP) of the eleven radiometric units included in the established lithological scored map in the study area have been computed to evaluate the radiation background influence in humans. The results obtained indicate that a human body in Area-3 is subjected to radiation hazards in the acceptable limits for long duration exposure.

Basalt identification by interpreting nuclear and electrical well logging measurements using fuzzy technique (case study from southern Syria).

Fuzzy analysis technique is proposed in this research for interpreting the combination of nuclear and electrical well logging data, which include natural gamma ray, density and neutron-porosity, while the electrical well logging include long and short normal. The main objective of this work is to describe, characterize and establish the lithology of the large extended basaltic areas in southern Syria. Kodana well logging measurements have been used and interpreted for testing and applying the proposed technique.

Statistical factor analysis technique for characterizing basalt through interpreting nuclear and electrical well logging data (case study from Southern Syria).

Factor analysis technique is proposed in this research for interpreting the combination of nuclear well logging, including natural gamma ray, density and neutron-porosity, and the electrical well logging of long and short normal, in order to characterize the large extended basaltic areas in southern Syria. Kodana well logging data are used for testing and applying the proposed technique. The four resulting score logs enable to establish the lithological score cross-section of the studied well.

Automated interpretation of nuclear and electrical well loggings for basalt characterization (case study from southern Syria).

Nuclear well logging, including natural gamma ray, density and neutron-porosity techniques are used with electrical well logging of long and short normal techniques in order to characterize the large extended basaltic areas in southern Syria. Four kinds of basalt have been identified: hard massive basalt, hard basalt, pyroclastic basalt and the alteration basalt products, clay, based on a statistical analysis approach with the threshold concept. The statistical conditions for such basalt characterization have been programmed in the present research to automatically interpret the well logging data for establishing and predicting the lithological cross-section of the studied well.

Radioactive and geological analysis of airborne gamma spectrometric data for locating favorable traps for uranium prospecting in the Syrian desert (Area-1), Syria.

Statistical analysis has been applied to the airborne spectrometric data for the Syrian desert (Area-1), Syria in order to characterize and isolate the anomalous uranium radioactive zones. Equivalent uranium eU values vary between a minimum of 0.01 and a maximum of 32.

Basalt characterization by means of nuclear and electrical well logging techniques. Case study from Southern Syria.

Nuclear well logging, including natural gamma ray, density, and neutron-porosity techniques are used with electrical well logging of long and short normal techniques to characterize the basaltic areas largely extended in Southern Syria. Statistical analysis approach with the threshold concept has been adapted for such characterization, where four kinds of basalt have been identified: very hard basalt, hard basalt, fractured basalt, and basalt alteration products. The spectrometric gamma technique has also been applied on the retrieved rock samples in order to determine the radioactive content (eU, eTh, and K%) of the basaltic section in the study area.

Aerial spectrometric survey for localization of favorable structures for uranium occurrences in Al-Awabed area and its surrounding (Area-3), Northern Palmyrides -Syria.

A scored lithological map including 11 radiometric units is established through applying a factor analysis approach to aerial spectrometric data of Area-3, Northern Palmyrides, Syria. Regional uranium migration trends have also been estimated by using the airborne spectrometric data of Area-3, where different regional maps explaining the migration trends have been established. It was found that the four lithological phosphatic units P1, P2, P3 and P4 are the main uranium sources in the study region, where the uranium migration is in an outward direction.

Uranium statistical and geological evaluation of airborne spectrometric data in the Al-Awabed region and its surroundings (Area-3), Northern Palmyrides, Syria.

Qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis have been applied to the Airborne spectrometric data from the Al-Awabed region and its surroundings (Area-3), Northern Palmyrides, Syria. It was shown that equivalent uranium eU values vary between a minimum of 0.01 and a maximum of 22.

Aerial gamma spectrometric survey as a tool for evaluating the uranium remobilization degree: case study from Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides, Syria.

The relationships between equivalent uranium (eU), eTh, K% and their ratios in the 11 lithological units determined by previous research in the Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides, Syria have been analyzed in order to define their trend variations and evaluate the degree of uranium remobilization. Uranium favorability index U(I) and alteration-F indicators have been used in this research to characterize the different lithological units by following their radioactive element re-distribution and to determine their favorability as regards uranium potentiality. It was shown that uranium remobilization took place in all the lithological units, but to different degrees.

Uranium migration in a sedimentological phosphatic environment in Northern Palmyrides, Al-Awabed area, Syria.

In previously published research, a factor analysis approach has been applied to airborne spectrometric data of the Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides, Syria. A model of four factors (F1-F4) has proven to be sufficient to represent the acquired data, where 94% of the total data variance is explained. A scored lithological map including 11 radiometric units is established.

Low-activity spectrometric gamma-ray logging technique for delineation of coal/rock interfaces in dry blast holes.

A low-activity spectrometric gamma-ray logging technique is proposed in this paper as a sensitive tool for the delineation of coal/rock interfaces in dry blast holes. The advantages and superiority of this technique over traditional micro-density non-spectrometric gamma-ray tools are demonstrated.

Identifying spectrometric signatures of phosphate deposits and enclosing sediments in Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides, Central Syria, by the use of statistical factor analysis.

In previous published research, a factor analysis approach has been applied to airborne spectrometric data of Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides, Syria. A model of four factors (F1, F2, F3 and F4) has proven to be sufficient to represent the acquired data, where 94% of the total data variance is explained. A powerful tool for direct differentiation of various rocks units is obtained through the mapping of these four factors, where a scored lithological map including 11 radiometric units is established.

Statistical factor analysis of aerial spectrometric data, Al-Awabed area, Syria: a useful guide for phosphate and uranium exploration.

Factor analysis provides a quantitative interpretation for synthesizing and correlating data from airborne spectrometric surveys. Factor analysis is applied on such data of Al-Awabed area, Northern Palmyrides. The seven variables used in this research are: total radioactivity Ur1, e(U), e(Th), K%, e(U)/e(Th), e(U)/K and e(Th)/K.