Normative analysis of the voice of children in Brazilian child protection legislation.

Objective: to identify and analyse children's voices in healthcare decision making in the discourse of Brazil's child protection laws.

Method: Documentary normative analysis of Brazil's child protection legislation (1988-2012) based on the content analysis of nine texts, conducted in 2015.

Results: The legislation acknowledges and stresses the voice of children in the decision-making process in research and healthcare.

A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Spain.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of illness in children. Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7), recently approved in the United States, is the first vaccine to provide protective immunity against pneumococcal disease in children under the age of 2. PCV-7 is nearly 100% effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal infections and has been shown to significantly decrease the incidence of pneumonia and otitis media.

Efficacy and safety of stavudine plus didanosine in asymptomatic HIV-infected children with plasma HIV RNA below 50,000 copies per milliliter.

Background: Simple antiretroviral drug combinations might provide a comparable benefit to standard triple regimens in patients with mild HIV disease, because poor adherence and toxicities often compromise the sustained benefit of the latest triple regimens, especially when protease inhibitors are used. Bad adherence is the main cause of virological failure in HIV-positive children. The activity and safety of a double combination of nucleosides with high genetic barrier for resistance (stavudine plus didanosine) was assessed in children with nonadvanced HIV disease.

[Comparison between penicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the treatment of recurrent tonsillopharyngitis in childhood].

Fifty-one children aged 2-14 years with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis, presenting dysphagia, fever and lymphadenitis, with more than two similar episodes in the last three years and showing a beta-hemolytic group A streptococci in the pharyngeal smear, were studied. They underwent random treatment for ten days with phenoxymethylpenicillin (40-60 mg/kg/day) (n = 28) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20-40 mg/kg/day) (n = 23) taken orally three times a day. Clinical and bacteriological tests were carried out at 10 days and 2, 6 and 12 months post-treatment.

[Human immunodeficiency virus and resistance].

It has been demonstrated that following prolonged treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, especially with nucleoside analogs, resistant viral strains appear that show mutations in the nucleotides of the gene that codifies reverse transcriptase. These mutations cause changes in amino acids, which gradually increases resistance. In this study we evaluated the applicability af the LiPA HIV-1 RT test in determining the presence of mutations in this gene that can lead to resistance to antiretroviral treatments.

[Acute epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children: presentation of 21 cases].

Background: The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) epiglottitis in children at a time when an efficient and safe vaccination is available.

Methods: The clinical histories of 21 children admitted to Children's Hospital La Fe (1971-1996) with a clinical diagnosis of epiglottitis and isolation of the microorganism in blood cultures (20 cases) and surface culture of the epiglotis (one case) are reviewed.

Results: The annual average was 4/100,000 children under 5 years of age.

Economic aspects of a general vaccination against invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) via the experience of the Children's Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.

With the aim of studying whether a general vaccination against invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is economically profitable bearing in mind the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, its price and the global cost that this disease has in our area, a review is conducted of patients admitted due to invasive disease caused by Hib in the Children's Hospital La Fe, Valencia, born between 1984 and 1993. They total 100, 63 who have meningitis. In the 81 cases (56 with meningitis) born between 1984 and 1990 (years that can be regarded as "closed" since all the patients were younger than 5 years of age) the total cost has been calculated for hospitalization, care during the acute phase, care for the sequelae (6 severe and 7 mild) and death (5 cases).

Risk/benefit in the treatment of children with imipenem-cilastatin for meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococcus.

A new case of pneumococcal meningitis in a child successfully treated with imipenem-cilastatin after failure of standard antibiotics is presented. Seizures, as the major adverse effect, were easily treated and no sequelae were later observed. The difficulty in distinguishing between seizures due to meningitis and those due to imipenem is discussed.

[Epidemiological study of the clinical forms of tuberculosis at the La Fe Children's Hospital of Valencia (1986-1989)].

We analyze, in a retrospective review, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis among 226 pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil La Fe of Valencia (Spain) during the years 1986-1989. We observed the persistence of severe forms of tuberculosis, such as miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis. Also, cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis seldom encountered nowadays like bone and joint, intestinal and lymph node infection were recorded.

[Salmonella liver abscess in a 15-month-old girl--nonoperative diagnosis and treatment].

A case of a 15-month old girl with a pyogenic liver abscess is reported. The etiological agent was a Salmonella B. Both diagnosis and successful treatment were carried out without surgical intervention.

[Pharmacologic evaluation of penicillin in children with meningococcal meningitis].

Levels of penicillin both in blood and CSF are determined in 11 children with meningococcal meningitis. Authors compare these values with MIC. The therapeutic pattern was 500.