Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolites: prospects and its technological challenges.

Plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that play vital roles for their primary functions such as growth, defence, adaptations or reproduction. Some of the plant secondary metabolites are beneficial to mankind as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Metabolic pathways and their regulatory mechanism are crucial for targeting metabolite engineering.

From ecophysiology to cultivation methodology: filling the knowledge gap between uncultured and cultured microbes.

Earth is dominated by a myriad of microbial communities, but the majority fails to grow under in situ laboratory conditions. The basic cause of unculturability is that bacteria dominantly occur as biofilms in natural environments. Earlier improvements in the culture techniques are mostly done by optimizing media components.

sp. nov., isolated from a high altitude Atacama Desert soil.

The taxonomic status of a strain, designated H13, isolated from a high altitude Atacama Desert soil, was established by using a polyphasic approach. The strain was found to have chemotaxonomic, cultural and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification within the genus and formed a well-supported clade in the phylogenomic tree together with the type strains of , and . Strain H13 was distinguished from its closest relatives by low average nucleotide identity (93.

gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family isolated from an activated sludge sample.

A coccobacilli-shaped proteobacterium, designated strain SYSU XM001, was isolated from an activated sludge sample collected from JiMei sewage treatment plant, Xiamen, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SYSU XM001 shared less than 92 % sequence identities with members of the class , with highest sequence similarity to TH1-2 (91.

reveals that Li . 2006 is a later heterotypic synonym of Al-Tai and Ruan 1994.

A genome-based phylogeny of the publicly available genomes of the genus reveals that YIM 90130 is closely related to DSM 44494. Overall genome relatedness indices between the genomes of the two species were above the threshold values necessary for defining a new species (dDDH, 82.9 %; ANIb, 97.

Aestuariisphingobium litorale gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel proteobacterium isolated from a water sample of Pearl River estuary.

Strain SYSU M10002 was isolated from a water sample collected from the coastal region of Pearl River estuary, Guangdong Province, southern China. The taxonomic position of the isolate was investigated by polyphasic taxonomic approaches. The isolate was found to be Gram-negative, non-motile, short rods and aerobic.

Botryobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Hymenobacteraceae.

Strain SYSU D60016, a rod-shaped bacterium that tends to form clusters, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Gurbantunggut desert, China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SYSU D60016 shared less than 94 % sequence identity with members of the family Hymenobacteraceae.

Flaviflagellibacter deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the order Rhizobiales isolated from a desert soil.

A motile, rod-shaped and yellow coloured proteobacterium, designated strain SYSU D60017, was isolated from a desert soil sample. The bacterium was found to be an obligately aerobic, mesophilic and neutrophilic chemo-heterotroph. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, catalase positive and oxidase positive.

Blastococcus deserti sp. nov., isolated from a desert sample.

A Gram-positive and aerobic actinobacterium, strain SYSU D8006, was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. Phenotypically, the strain was found to grow at 14-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.

Aquabacterium tepidiphilum sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 730274, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, PR China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells were motile by means of a polar flagellum. The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive, and contained polyalkanoates and polyphosphate as storage polymers.

Desertimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a desert soil, and proposal of Ilumatobacteraceae fam. nov.

A non-motile, coccobacilli-shaped and yellow-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D60003, was isolated from a desert soil sample. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. The whole cell hydrolysates contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid.

Streptomyces desertarenae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a desert sample.

A Streptomyces isolate, designated strain SYSU D8023, was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. The characterisation of the isolate was achieved using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolate was found to be Gram-positive and aerobic.

Georgenia alba sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sand sample.

Strain SYSU D8008 was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Saudi Arabia. The strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, non-motile and aerobic. It can grow at 15-37 °C, pH 6.

Nesterenkonia endophytica sp. nov., isolated from roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

A Gram-positive and non-motile actinobacterium, designated strain EGI 60016, was isolated from healthy roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. collected from Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Province, China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain EGI 60016 was found to show 97.

Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring.

A Gram-stain positive, moderately thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 73012, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain is oxidase positive and catalase negative. Growth occurred at 37-65 °C (optimum, 45-50 °C), at pH 6.

Aurantisolimonas haloimpatiens gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium, designated strain BN130233, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea. Colonies were orange in colour, with wet and smooth surfaces. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences resulted in strain BN130233 forming a cluster with members of the family Chitinophagaceae Kämpfer et al.

Stackebrandtia soli sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a soil sample.

An aerobic actinobacterium, strain AN130378, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Korea and subjected to taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed that strain AN130378 is a member of the genus Stackebrandtia, with sequence similarities of 97.3 % to Stackebrandtia albiflava YIM 45751 and 97.

Saccharopolyspora deserti sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert.

Strain SYSU D8010 was isolated from a desert sand sample collected in Saudi Arabia. The taxonomic position of the isolate was investigated by the polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolate was found to be Gram-positive and aerobic.

Georgenia deserti sp. nov., a halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sample.

Strain SYSU D8004 was isolated from a sample collected from an arid area in Saudi Arabia. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. It could grow at 4-45 °C, at pH 6.

Limoniibacter endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from the roots of Limonium otolepis.

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated as strain YIM 690229, was isolated from the roots of Limonium otolepis. The strain was able to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28-37 °C), pH 6.0-8.

Altererythrobacter lauratis sp. nov. and Altererythrobacter palmitatis sp. nov., isolated from a Tibetan hot spring.

Two Gram-negative, moderately thermophilic, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strains, designated YIM 75003 and YIM 75004, were isolated from sediment samples collected from the Tagejia hot spring in Tibet, western China. The taxonomic affiliation of the two strains was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains YIM 75003 and YIM 75004 are closely related to Altererythrobacter buctense M0322 (97.

Streptomyces xinjiangensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Lop Nur region.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated LPA192(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from Lop Nur, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. A polyphasic approach was used to investigate the taxonomic position of strain LPA192(T). The isolate showed morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces.

Nocardioides ginkgobilobae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba L.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and yellow actinobacterial strain, designated SYP-A7303T, was isolated from the root of Ginkgo biloba L. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYP-A7303T belongs to the genus Nocardioides. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SYP-A7303T showed highest similarity to Nocardioides marinus CL-DD14T ( = JCM 15615T) (98.

Actinobacterial diversity in limestone deposit sites in Hundung, Manipur (India) and their antimicrobial activities.

Studies on actinobacterial diversity in limestone habitats are scarce. This paper reports profiling of actinobacteria isolated from Hundung limestone samples in Manipur, India using ARDRA as the molecular tool for preliminary classification. A total of 137 actinobacteria were clustered into 31 phylotypic groups based on the ARDRA pattern generated and representative of each group was subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing.