Factors Associated with Changes in Brain Atrophy during a Three-Year Observation in Elderly Diabetic Patients: Effect of Renal Impairment on Hippocampal Atrophy.

Background/aims: We conducted a 3-year longitudinal study concerning factors associated with changes in brain atrophy in elderly diabetic patients.

Methods: We evaluated hippocampal and global brain atrophy using automatic voxel-based morphometry of structural magnetic resonance images, 4 cognitive function tests, and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) in 66 diabetic patients.

Results: During the 3-year follow-up, hippocampal and global brain atrophy advanced, and cognitive functions worsened.

Effects of application method on skin penetration of carboxyfluorescein incorporated in liposomes.

We investigated the skin penetration of liposomes under two different application conditions; occluded and large application amount (1 ml/cm(2)), and open and small application amount (10 mul/cm(2)). Liposomes containing fluorescence-labeled phospholipids or carboxyfluorescein (CF) were used. In application under occluded conditions, phospholipids showed no penetration, even in the stratum corneum (SC).