adapts to high soil temperature in natural conditions due to its highly active antioxidant system protecting its photosynthetic machinery.

Heliotropium thermophilum (Boraginaceae) plants have strong antioxidant properties. This study investigated the effectiveness of the antioxidant system in protecting the photosynthetic machinery of H. thermophilum .

The combined application of rutin and silicon alleviates osmotic stress in maize seedlings by triggering accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidants' defense mechanisms.

Silicon (Si) has been shown to improve plant defenses against a variety of stresses. However, how rutin (Rut) affects stress factors is yet to be fully explored. Moreover, their combined role in osmotic stress response remains unclear.

Increased dehydrin level decreases leaf rolling grade by altering the reactive oxygen species homeostasis and abscisic acid content in maize subjected to osmotic stress.

Dehydrins (DHNs) are stress proteins involved in the development of protective reactions in plants against dehydration. The relationship between DHNs and morphological responses such as leaf rolling in plants exposed to water deficit is not well known. In this study, we detected how variations in DHN levels affect the leaf rolling response in maize exposed to osmotic stress in relation to the antioxidant system and ABA level.

The antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems contribute to the thermotolerance of Heliotropium thermophilum.

This study focused on the impact of the antioxidant defence and glyoxalase systems on extreme heat tolerance of the thermophilic plant Heliotropium thermophilum L. For this purpose, plants were exposed to 20, 40, 60 and 80±5°C soil temperature gradually for 15days under laboratory conditions. Our results showed that the hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels of H.

Role of abscisic acid, osmolytes and heat shock factors in high temperature thermotolerance of .

 can survive at a soil temperature of 65 °C in natural and laboratory conditions, but the mechanism of survival at high soil temperatures is not completely known. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in abscisic acid (ABA), osmolytes and heat shock factors (HSFs) levels have an effective role in the development of thermotolerance in at high temperatures. Soil temperature at which the thermophilic plant could live was gradually increased in laboratory conditions and the effects of four different temperatures (20 ± 5 °C: low, 40 ± 5 °C: mild, 60 ± 5 °C: medium, 80 ± 5 °C: extreme heat) were observed for 15 days.

, an extreme heat tolerant species, promises plants about adaptation to high soil temperature conditions.

To understand high temperature tolerance, , a flowering plant thriving in a geothermal field with a soil temperature ranging between 55 and 65 °C, was grown in controlled laboratory conditions and two different soil temperatures were applied to the plants. One of them was the control group (CT 25 ± 3 °C) and the other was the high temperature group (HT 60 ± 4 °C). Water potential, dry weight, cell membrane injury (CMI), lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proline and total soluble sugar contents were measured.

Fast determination of anthocyanins and free pelargonidin in fruits, fruit juices, and fruit wines by high-performance liquid chromatography using a core-shell column.

Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that are liable for colors ranging from red to blue of most fruits, vegetables, and flowers. A novel and fast method was developed for the determination of five anthocyanins and free pelargonidin by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection. A 10% formic acid and acetonitrile mixture was employed as mobile phase in the gradient elution mode.

Co-overexpressing a Plasma Membrane and a Vacuolar Membrane Sodium/Proton Antiporter Significantly Improves Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants.

The Arabidopsis gene AtNHX1 encodes a vacuolar membrane-bound sodium/proton (Na(+)/H(+)) antiporter that transports Na(+) into the vacuole and exports H(+) into the cytoplasm. The Arabidopsis gene SOS1 encodes a plasma membrane-bound Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that exports Na(+) to the extracellular space and imports H(+) into the plant cell. Plants rely on these enzymes either to keep Na(+) out of the cell or to sequester Na(+) into vacuoles to avoid the toxic level of Na(+) in the cytoplasm.

Current advances in the investigation of leaf rolling caused by biotic and abiotic stress factors.

Leaf rolling is known as a typical response to water deficit in numerous species such as rice, maize, wheat and sorghum. However, it results not only from the water deficit but also from other abiotic stress factors such as salt, temperature, heavy metals and UV radiation. In addition to the abiotic factors, herbivores, viruses, bacteria and fungi are biotic factors of leaf rolling.

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in apoplastic and symplastic areas of rolled leaves in Ctenanthe setosa under drought stress.

The correspondence among apoplastic and symplastic antioxidant status, stomatal conductance and water potential was investigated during leaf rolling in Ctenanthe setosa (Rosc.) Eichler (Marantaceae) under drought stress. Apoplastic and symplastic extractions of leaf and petiole were performed at different visual leaf rolling scores from 1 to 4 (1 is unrolled, 4 is tightly rolled and the others are intermediate form).

The relationship between leaf rolling and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes in apoplastic and symplastic areas of Ctenanthe setosa subjected to drought stress.

The ascorbate-glutathione (ASC-GSH) cycle has an important role in defensive processes against oxidative damage generated by drought stress. In this study, the changes that take place in apoplastic and symplastic ASC-GSH cycle enzymes of the leaf and petiole were investigated under drought stress causing leaf rolling in Ctenanthe setosa (Rose.) Eichler (Marantaceae).