Differentially Expressed Genes Analysis in the Human Small Airway Epithelium of Healthy Smokers Shows Potential Risks of Disease Caused by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and the Potentiality of Astaxanthin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent.

Cigarette smoke (CS) was known for its effect of increasing oxidative stress that could trigger tissue injury and endothelial dysfunction mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS itself is a key signaling molecule that plays a role in the development of inflammatory disorders. Nuclear factor erythroid2 related factor2 (Nrf2) is the main regulator of antioxidant cellular response to cell and tissue-destroying components caused by CS.

Differentially Expressed Genes Study Shown Potential for BCG Stimulation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19.

The incidence of COVID-19 infection and death is known to be lower in tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries than in nonendemic countries. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, which is commonly administered in TB endemic countries, was previously reported to have a nonspecific protective effect against several infections, including COVID-19. In this study, we used a differentially expressed genes (DEG) approach to analyze the genes modulated by BCG vaccination and COVID-19 infection.

Virtual screening of Indonesian herbal compounds as COVID-19 supportive therapy: machine learning and pharmacophore modeling approaches.

Background: The number of COVID-19 cases continues to grow in Indonesia. This phenomenon motivates researchers to find alternative drugs that function for prevention or treatment. Due to the rich biodiversity of Indonesian medicinal plants, one alternative is to examine the potential of herbal medicines to support COVID therapy.

Combination of Enrichment Using Gene Ontology and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed Contribution of Interferon Signaling to Severity of COVID-19.

Introduction: The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was known to be affected by hyperinflammation. Identification of important proteins associated with hyperinflammation is critical. These proteins can be a potential target either as biomarkers or targets in drug discovery.

Ethanol Extract of Pomegranate () Peel in Increasing the Expression of Caspase-3 in DSS-Induced Mice.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to develop CRC. Cancer proliferation is characterized by the loss of inhibition of apoptosis, which involves caspase-3 activation.

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-B within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses.

The effect of lunasin from Indonesian soybean extract on histopatologic examination and cox-2 expression in dextran sodium sulfate-induced mice colon.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition describing chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Chronic inflammation in colon can develop into colon cancer. Lunasin has been known to inhibit inflammatory reactions induced by lipopolysaccharide .