Association of liver fibrosis with cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Cognitive decline is a common but variable non-motor manifestation of Parkinson's disease. Chronic liver disease contributes to dementia, but its impact on cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease is unknown. We assessed the effect of liver fibrosis on cognition in Parkinson's disease.

Dystonia phenomenology and treatment response in migraine.

Objective: To describe the phenomenology of cervical dystonia (CD) in patients with migraine and the effect of its treatment on migraine frequency.

Background: Preliminary studies demonstrate that treatment of CD with botulinum toxin in those with migraine can improve both conditions. However, the phenomenology of CD in the setting of migraine has not been formally described.

Context-dependent representations of movement in Drosophila dopaminergic reinforcement pathways.

Dopamine plays a central role in motivating and modifying behavior, serving to invigorate current behavioral performance and guide future actions through learning. Here we examine how this single neuromodulator can contribute to such diverse forms of behavioral modulation. By recording from the dopaminergic reinforcement pathways of the Drosophila mushroom body during active odor navigation, we reveal how their ongoing motor-associated activity relates to goal-directed behavior.