Using technology to prevent fraud in high stakes national school examinations: Evidence from Indonesia.

Cheating reduces the signaling value of examinations. It also shifts the focus of teachers and students away from learning. Combating widespread cheating is difficult as students, teachers, and bureaucrats all benefit from high reported grades.

The Impoverishing Effect of Tobacco Use in Indonesia.

Introduction: Smoking households in Indonesia diverted a significant share of their budget to tobacco. Tobacco expenditure is deemed unproductive, as it crowds out resources from essential commodities and increases health care expenditure driven by tobacco-induced diseases. Therefore, despite having adequate resources, some smoking families in Indonesia may spend less on basic needs, which inadvertently puts their standard of living below the poverty line.

Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia.

Background: Tobacco consumption is pervasive in Indonesia, with 6 out of 10 households in the country consuming tobacco. Smoking households, on average, divert a significant share (10.7%) of their monthly budget on tobacco products, which is higher than spending on staples, meat or vegetables.

Macroeconomic impact of tobacco taxation in Indonesia.

Background: A significant tobacco tax increase has long been advocated to reduce Indonesia's high smoking prevalence. However, implementing such a policy remains challenging due to the tobacco industry's argument that it would negatively impact the economy.

Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net impact of tobacco taxation on Indonesia's economy.

Changes in Smoking Status and Behaviors After the First 10 Months of COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.

Introduction: There remains inconclusive evidence on potential changes in smoking status and behaviors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-9) pandemic, especially in developing countries.

Aims And Methods: This study explores the direction of changes in smoking status and behaviors after 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia as well as examining the association between economic shocks and changes in smoking behaviors. Primary data were gathered through a phone survey targeting productive-age mobile-phone users in Indonesia (n = 1082).