Spectrum of Surgically Resected Lesions of the Cavernous Sinus: A Neuropathologic Audit.

 The cavernous sinus is a complex space composed of extradural venous plexus within dural folds. Several important structures like the carotid artery, cranial nerves, and sympathetic nerve fibers traverse through this space. Radiological diagnosis may not be definitive and in the context of discordance between clinical and neuroimaging diagnosis, histopathological evaluation becomes essential for diagnosis and management.

Role of Nimodipine and Milrinone in Delayed Cerebral Ischemia.

Objective: The role of nimodipine and milrinone in the management of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied using clinical and TCD (transcranial Doppler) parameters.

Methods: In this prospective observational study, patients with DCI after aneurysmal SAH presenting between November 2020 and June 2021 who were treated by either intra-arterial nimodipine (IAN) or intravenous milrinone (IVM) were included after excluding patients in whom both IAN and IVM had been given or mechanical angioplasty was performed. Twelve-hourly TCD was performed during the course of the therapy.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis enhances fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are substantially disabling and treatment resistant. Novel treatments like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) need to be examined for the same using the experimental medicine approach that incorporates tests of mechanism of action in addition to clinical efficacy in trials.

Methods: Study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized, sham-controlled trial recruiting schizophrenia with at least a moderate severity of negative symptoms.

"Trapped labelled spins"-related signal on arterial spin labelling in the assessment of flow-diverted aneurysms: preliminary experience.

Purpose: To investigate ASL-MRI features of flow-diverted aneurysms, review their haemodynamic surrogates, and discuss their pertinent clinical implications.

Methods: Retrospective single institutional analysis was performed on the clinical and imaging data of patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and ASL-MRI after endovascular flow diversion for cerebral aneurysms. Pseudo-continuous ASL-MRI was performed with post-label delays of 1525-1800 ms.

DREZotomy in the management of post brachial plexus root avulsion neuropathic pain: fMRI correlates for pain relief.

Background: Deafferentiation pain following brachial plexus root avulsion has been documented to be severe enough to affect activities of daily living in patients. Microsurgical DREZotomy is known to alleviate the symptoms by decreasing the afferent signals transmitted from the spinal cord to sensory cortex.

Objectives: To document and analyse the effectiveness of DREZotomy and to evaluate the role of 'sensory cortex' in the cause and relief of dysesthetic pain, using fMRI.

Pial arteriovenous fistula: A clinical and neuro-interventional experience of outcomes in a rare entity.

Purpose: Pial arteriovenous fistulae (PAVF) are rare intracranial vascular malformations, predominantly seen in children and distinct from arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulae. PAVF often leads to high morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical features and endovascular management of PAVF at various intracranial locations; to analyze the use of liquid embolic agents and coils alone or in combination in the treatment of PAVF and to analyze the outcome of embolization.

Intracranial fungal granuloma: a single-institute study of 90 cases over 18 years.

Objective: Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) remains an uncommon entity. The authors report a single-institute study of 90 cases of IFG, which is the largest study until now.

Methods: In this retrospective study, all cases of IFG surgically treated in the years 2001-2018 were included.

Effect of Intra-arterial Nimodipine on Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Systemic Hemodynamic Indices in Patients With Cerebral Vasospasm: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Intra-arterial nimodipine (IaN) is used in the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The impact of IaN therapy on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) assessed by near infra-red spectroscopy, and dynamic cardiac indices, is currently unknown. This study assessed the effect of IaN on rScO2 and systemic hemodynamic indices during IaN therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aSAH.

Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid embolization of intracranial vascular shunts: initial experience and technical note.

Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid is a new liquid embolic agent used mainly for intracranial neurointervention. The agent is ready to use (no shaking is required), since iodine, the radiopaque material, is covalently bonded into the compound. Additionally, due to the absence of tantalum, minimal artifacts are seen on postprocedure follow-up CT scans, and the agent penetrates into vessels smaller than 10 µm.

Transarterial treatment of direct carotico-cavernous fistulas with coils and Onyx.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of combination of liquid embolic agent ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) and detachable coils in the treatment of direct carotico-cavernous fistulas (CCFs).

Methods: We prospectively collected clinical and radiological data of all patients who underwent embolization of direct CCFs at our institution over a period of 21 months. The clinical parameters, angioarchitecture, presence of cortical venous reflux, volume of Onyx used, number of coils used, extent of embolization and complications were recorded.

Neuropathological correlate of the "concentric target sign" in MRI of HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a frequent cause of focal brain lesions in the setting of immunodeficiency states, particularly acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic modality to differentiate toxoplasmosis from tuberculoma, and primary central nervous system lymphoma with diverse therapeutic implications. Several imaging patterns have been described in cerebral toxoplasmosis. The "concentric target sign" is a recently described MRI sign on T2-weighted imaging of cerebral toxoplasmosis that has concentric alternating zones of hypo- and hyperintensities.