Opportunistic free: Living amoeba now becoming a usual pathogen?

Acanthamoeba species cause granulomatous Acanthamoeba encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of acute purulent meningoencephalitis with a focal neurological deficit caused by Acanthamoeba species in a 2 years immunocompetent child.

Study of Invasive Pneumococcal Infection in Adults with Reference to Penicillin Resistance.

Background: Invasive pneumococcal infections often prove rapidly fatal, even where good medical treatment is readily available. In developed countries, up to 20% of people who contract pneumococcal meningitis die; however, in developing world, mortality is closer to 50%, even among hospitalized patients. The World Health Organization estimated 600,000-800,000 adult deaths each year from pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.

Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Septicemia in a Tertiary Care Hospital from Western India.

Neonatal septicemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to determine the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of prevalent pathogens isolated from the blood of septicemic neonates from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). A total of 180 blood samples of septicemic neonates were studied bacteriologically.

Appendicitis in a Child due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae: A Rare Case Report.

A variety of bacterial species play a major role in appendicitis. Both aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Citrobacter freundii cause appendicitis. Appendicitis is usually polymicrobial.

Study of Aetiology and Anti-biogram of Uropathogens in Children-A Retrospective Analysis.

Objectives: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are the most common serious bacterial infections which are seen during infancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate aetiology, and antimicrobial resistance patterns among infants and children who approached our hospital for treatment of UTIs.

Methods: In this observational study which was carried out from 2007 to 2010, 1575 urine samples which were collected from children with suspected UTIs were studied.

Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to a multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter is one of the most dreadful complications, which occurs in the critical care setting.

Aims And Objectives: To find out the incidence of Acinetobacter infection in VAP cases, to determine various risk factors responsible for acquisition of Acinetobacter infection and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Acinetobacter.

Materials And Methods: A total of 60 endotracheal aspirate specimens from intubated patients diagnosed clinically and microscopically as VAP were studied bacteriologically.

Acinetobacter septicemia in neonates admitted to intensive care units.

Background: Acinetobacter species are gaining importance as potential pathogens in neonatal septicemia because of their frequent isolation and multidrug resistance.

Aims And Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Acinetobacter spp. as important pathogens in neonatal blood stream infection, to identify the associated risk factors, and to evaluate the drug sensitivity pattern.

Nevirapine resistance and breast-milk HIV transmission: effects of single and extended-dose nevirapine prophylaxis in subtype C HIV-infected infants.

Background: Daily nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis to HIV-exposed infants significantly reduces breast-milk HIV transmission. We assessed NVP-resistance in Indian infants enrolled in the "six-week extended-dose nevirapine" (SWEN) trial who received single-dose NVP (SD-NVP) or SWEN for prevention of breast-milk HIV transmission but who also acquired subtype C HIV infection during the first year of life.

Methods/findings: Standard population sequencing and cloning for viral subpopulations present at > or =5% frequency were used to determine HIV genotypes from 94% of the 79 infected Indian infants studied.

Extended-dose nevirapine to 6 weeks of age for infants to prevent HIV transmission via breastfeeding in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda: an analysis of three randomised controlled trials.

Background: UNICEF/WHO recommends that infants born to HIV-infected mothers who do not have access to acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe replacement feeding should be exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. The aim of three trials in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda was to assess whether daily nevirapine given to breastfed infants through 6 weeks of age can decrease HIV transmission via breastfeeding.

Methods: HIV-infected women breastfeeding their infants were eligible for participation.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in tuberculous lymphadenitis of patients with and without HIV infection.

A study of the cytologic features and role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) of 21 patients with HIV (group 1) and 21 patients without HIV (group 2) infection was undertaken. Four cytologic patterns were observed, of which necrotizing lymphadenitis (42.9%) and necrotizing suppurative lymphadenitis (28.