Design, synthesis, and evaluation of benzofuran-based chromenochalcones for antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic activities.

A series of benzofuran-based chromenochalcones (16-35) were synthesized and evaluated for and antidiabetic activities in L-6 skeletal muscle cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models, respectively, and further dyslipidemia activity of the compounds was evaluated in a Triton-induced hyperlipidemic hamster model. Among them, compounds 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 31, and 35 showed significant glucose uptake stimulatory effects in skeletal muscle cells and were further evaluated for efficacy. Compounds 21, 22, and 24 showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Tinosporaside from Encourages Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport through Both PI-3-Kinase- and AMPK-Dependent Mechanisms.

The stem of has been traditionally used in traditional Indian systems of medicine for blood sugar control, without the knowledge of the underlying mechanism and chemical constitution responsible for the observed anti-diabetic effect. In the present study, Tinosporaside, a diterpenoid isolated from the stem of , was investigated for its effects on glucose utilization in skeletal muscle cells, which was followed by determining the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy in our diabetic db/db mice model. We found that tinosporaside augmented glucose uptake by increasing the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in L6 myotubes, upon prolonged exposure for 16 h.

Treatment Dilemma of Latrogenic Pseudoaneurysm of the Intracavernous Internal Carotid Artery in Young Girl Following Transnasal Transsphenoidal Surgery: A Case Report.

Epistaxis following transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) removal of pituitary adenoma can be massive and life-threatening. The intracranial source of bleeding is usually the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or adjacent branches. Injury to the cavernous ICA can lead to pseudoaneurysm (PA) or fistula formation.

Viscosity Reduction and Stability Enhancement of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Using Derivatives of Amino Acids.

Monoclonal antibodies are complex molecules that often require high concentration formulations to meet clinical requirement and bulk drug substance storage. Stability is a common concern in both high and low concentration formulations, however, high concentration formulations are further complicated by an increase in viscosity, leading to manufacturing and administration challenges. To manage stability and viscosity, drug developers typically use salt, amino acids, sugars, polyols, and surfactant.

Sub-nanograin metal based high efficiency multilayer reflective optics for high energies.

The present finding illuminates the physics of the formation of interfaces of metal based hetero-structures near layer continuous limit as an approach to develop high-efficiency W/BC multilayer (ML) optics with ML periodicity varying = 1.86-1.23 nm at a fixed number of layer pairs = 400.

Maxwell-Wagner Relaxation-Driven High Dielectric Constant in AlO/TiO Nanolaminates Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition.

Multilayer nanolaminates (NLs) of alternate ultrathin sublayers of AlO and TiO (ATA) with the thickness ranging ∼2 to 0.5 nm were fabricated by optimized pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Maxwell-Wagner (M-W) relaxation-induced interfacial polarization was realized and engineered by precisely controlling the sublayer thicknesses and the number of interfaces.

Pregnane-Oximino-Alkyl-Amino-Ether Compound as a Novel Class of TGR5 Receptor Agonist Exhibiting Antidiabetic and Anti-Dyslipidemic Activities.

Introduction: The present study deals with the synthesis of pregnane-oximino-amino-alkyl-ethers and their evaluation for antidiabetic and anti-dyslipidemic activities in validated animal and cell culture models.

Methods: The effect on glucose tolerance was measured in sucrose-loaded rats; antidiabetic activity was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and genetically diabetic db/db mice; the anti-dyslipidemic effect was characterized in high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed dyslipidemic hamsters. The effect on glucose production and glucose utilization was analyzed in HepG2 liver and L6 skeletal muscle cells, respectively.

Occipital transtentorial approach for pineal region lesions: Addressing the controversies in conventional teaching.

Background: The occipital transtentorial (OT) approach is well-established approach for pineal region tumors and can be of choice for the lesions located around the suboccipital part of tentorium such as the quadrigeminal plate, posterior part of thalamus, tentorial surface of cerebellum, splenial region, posterior falx, and lesions around the tentorial incisura. However, it is not very much extensively used in the above-mentioned locations other than the pineal region.

Methods: Thirty-one patients of pineal region lesions were operated by OT approach, the role of conventional preoperative evaluation of the anatomy of the venous sinuses, deep venous system, and tentorial angle was investigated.

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy with acute monocular vision loss following clipping of anterior communicating artery aneurysm. A case report and review of literature.

Background: The acute postoperative monocular vision loss following anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping secondary to posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) a rare presentation.

Case Description: A 32-year old patient presented with a spontaneous holocranial thunderclap headache for 7 days, associated with vomiting. The SAH was diagnosed with a tiny saccular aneurysm arising from the anterior communicating artery.

An analysis of neurocognitive dysfunction in brain tumors.

Background: Neurocognitive dysfunction is an important issue in patients with frontal lobe lesions. These patients who may be in good neurological status may succumb to neurocognitive dysfunction, affecting their daily living and hampering the quality of life. This study aims to correlate pre- and post-operative neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with frontal lobe lesions.

Intra-operative cerebral blood flow assessment by indocyanine green video-angiography after temporary arterial occlusion in aneurysm surgery and its clinical implications: a prospective study.

Objective: Indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) is a routine while performing vascular surgery to assess patency of perforators, completeness of clipping and/or to assess patency of anastomosis. Its usefulness in assessing cerebral blood flow and perfusion is not well studied. This study is aimed to assess the cerebral blood flow and perfusion after temporary clipping and to correlate with the risk of ischemia.

Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Experience of a Tertiary Care Center in India and a Brief Review of Literature.

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a devastating condition causing significant patient discomfort and morbidity hampering quality of life. Of the many treatment options available, microvascular decompression (MVD) of the trigeminal nerve is widely performed. However, the procedure is not risk-free.

Endovascular management of large and giant intracranial aneurysms: Experience from a tertiary care neurosurgery institute in India.

Objective: With the development of endovascular technique and devices, large and giant intracranial aneurysms are increasingly being managed by this less invasive method. Here we discuss our experience on managing such aneurysms via endovascular technique.

Methods: Retrospective data on 42 patients with large and giant intracranial aneurysms managed by endovascular techniques between September 2015 to December 2017 at our neurosurgery institute were included in this analysis.

Manufacturing Challenges and Rational Formulation Development for AAV Viral Vectors.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a leading platform for gene delivery for treating various diseases due to its excellent safety profile and efficient transduction to various target tissues. However, the large-scale production and long-term storage of viral vectors is not efficient resulting in lower yields, moderate purity, and shorter shelf-life compared to recombinant protein therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of upstream, downstream and formulation unit operation challenges encountered during AAV vector manufacturing, and discusses how desired product quality attributes can be maintained throughout product shelf-life by understanding the degradation mechanisms and formulation strategies.

An Unusual Case of Primary Intracranial Germinoma with Diffuse Subarachnoid Spread Masquerading as Tuberculous Meningitis.

Central nervous system (CNS) germinomas often extend or disseminate into the ventricular and subarachnoid space. We present a case of primary CNS germinoma consisting mainly of meningeal dissemination, which is extremely unusual and must be kept in the differential diagnosis.

Serum cytokines in astrocytic brain tumors: a prospective study.

Background: Gliomas are the most aggressive form of brain tumors responsible for the majority of brain cancer related deaths. Interleukin (IL)-6, 10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α are tumor specific proteins that are expressed in gliomas. This study aims to estimate the pre- and postoperative levels of serum markers of these cytokines to evaluate any bearing with its grade and volume.

, and Antihyperglycemic Activity of Some Semi-Synthetic Phytol Derivatives.

Background: Due to the prevalence of type-2 diabetes across the globe, there is an unmet need to explore new molecular targets for the development of cost-effective and safer antihyperglycemic agents.

Objective: Structural modification of phytol and evaluation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico antihyperglycemic activity of derivatives establishing the preliminary structure activity relationship (SAR).

Methods: The semi-synthetic derivatives of phytol were prepared following previously described methods.

Craniosynostosis: To Study the Spectrum and Outcome of Surgical Intervention at a Tertiary Referral Institute in India.

Aims And Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the spectrum and surgical outcome of cases of craniosynostosis operated at a tertiary referral institute in India.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively examined 60 cases of craniosynostosis operated at our institute from 2008 to 2014 (with a minimum follow-up of 2 years).

Anticancer Potential of Dietary Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review.

Nature is a rich source of natural drug-like compounds with minimal side effects. Phytochemicals better known as "Natural Products" are found abundantly in a number of plants. Since time immemorial, spices have been widely used in Indian cuisine as flavoring and coloring agents.

Spontaneous Coiling of Peritoneal Catheter-Uncommon Complication of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: Recognition and Management.

Background: Coiling of peritoneal catheter is a rare complication associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures performed for the treatment of hydrocephalus. In most of the reported cases, coiling is associated with shunt migration resulting in shunt malfunction.

Case Description: Here, we report two cases where spontaneous coiling of peritoneal end was observed following insertion of shunt, one of which was also associated with pseudocyst formation, which was clinically silent.

Synthesis, SAR and docking studies of substituted aryl phenylthiazolyl phenylcarboxamide as potential protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors.

In our continued effort to discover novel PTP1B inhibitor with improved in vivo activity, we attempted to optimize our previously discovered lead compound by replacing the sulfonyl group with benzoyl group to yield compound II. Additional structural modifications were performed on compound II to yield a series of 24 aryl phenylthiazolyl phenylcarboxamides as potential PTP1B inhibitors. Of the 24 tested, 6 compounds showed good PTP1B inhibitory activity while compound 38 as the most promising one.

Complex spinal dysraphism: myelomenigocele associated with dorsal bony spur, split cord malformation type I, syringomyelia, lipoma and tethered cord.

Variations in split cord malformation (SCM) are known. However, association of SCM type I with myelomeningocele along with same level dorsal bony spur has not been described previously. We report a 1-year old male child who presented with these findings with associated syringomyelia, lipoma and tethered cord.

Dissection of C2 Guiding to C1 Lateral Mass and Facilitation of Screw Placement: Technical Note.

Objective: Surgical intervention at the craniovertebral junction requires preoperative and intraoperative planning to get optimum postoperative results. Careful positioning minimizes the risk of iatrogenic injury and can also facilitate adequate surgical exposure. Tortuous venous channels that are usually encountered as the dissection proceeds may cause excessive bleeding before reaching the lateral mass (LM).

Lipid Lowering Oxopropanylindole Hydrazone Derivatives with Antioxidant and Anti-hyperglycemic Activity.

A series of substituted oxopropanylindole hydrazone derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-oxidant and anti-dyslipidemic activity. Of the 12 tested, 3 compounds (6c, 7b and 7d) showed good anti-oxidant activity, compound 6c attenuated LDL oxidation by 32%. The compounds 6c and 7d also showed good anti-dyslipidemic activity by reducing serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG).