Intranasal naloxone rapidly occupies brain mu-opioid receptors in human subjects.

Nasal spray formulations of naloxone, a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, are currently used for the treatment of opioid overdose. They may have additional therapeutic utility also in the absence of opioid agonist drugs, but the onset and duration of action at brain MORs have been inadequately characterized to allow such projections. This study provides initial characterization of brain MOR availability at high temporal resolution following intranasal (IN) naloxone administration to healthy volunteers in the absence of a competing opioid agonist.

Pharmacological investigations on adaptation in rats subjected to cold water immersion stress.

The present study was designed to investigate whether adaptogenic factors may be transferred from stress adapted rats to naïve rats and to explore the nature of endogenous adaptogens by pharmacological modulation. The rats were subjected to cold water immersion stress by placing them individually in a tank of water (depth=15.5cm; temperature=16±2°C) for 5min.

Effects of rosiglitazone maleate when added to a sulfonylurea regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild to moderate renal impairment: a post hoc analysis.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and renal impairment whose disease is inadequately controlled on a sulfonylurea (SU) have limited oral combination treatment options.

Objective: This post hoc analysis assesses the efficacy and tolerability of the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone maleate (RSG) when added to an SU treatment regimen in patients with type 2 DM with mild to moderate renal impairment that is inadequately controlled by SU monotherapy.

Methods: Data were pooled from 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies in which RSG or placebo was added to an SU (glibenclamide, gliclazide, or glipizide) treatment regimen for a period of 6 months.