Correction: Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its determinants among young married women and unmarried girls: Findings from the second round of UDAYA survey.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its determinants among young married women and unmarried girls: Findings from the second round of UDAYA survey.

Introduction: Depression is a prevalent and debilitating mental illness affecting young women worldwide. This study aimed to identify psychosocial determinants of major depressive disorder (MDD) among young women in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India.

Methods: Data from "Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults" (UDAYA) study (2018-19) for young women aged 12-23 years, both married and unmarried was used for this paper.

Utilisation of public healthcare services by an indigenous group: a mixed-method study among Santals of West Bengal, India.

A barrier to meeting the goal of universal health coverage in India is the inequality in utilisation of health services between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This study aimed to explore the determinants of utilisation, or non-utilisation, of public healthcare services among the Santals, an indigenous community living in West Bengal, India. The study holistically explored the utilisation of public healthcare facilities using a framework that conceptualised service coverage to be dependent on a set of determinants - viz.

Differences in Quality of Care of Family Planning Services Received by Age and Contraceptive Continuation Among Young Mothers in India.

Purpose: Youth face barriers that affect their use of family planning (FP) services, including low quality of care and provider bias. Although young women have the highest unmet need for FP in India, little is known about the effect of age on quality of care received. Additionally, although youth have higher contraceptive discontinuation than older women, the factors associated with continuation, including the effect of quality of care, are not well known.

Comparative analysis of contraceptive use in Punjab and Manipur: exploring beyond women's education and empowerment.

Background: Women's education and empowerment are important predictors of contraceptive use across countries. However, two of the Indian states, namely, Punjab and Manipur, showed large variations in contraceptive use, despite the similar level of women's educational attainment and empowerment. Therefore, this paper attempts to understand variation in contraceptive use between these states, despite having similar level of educational attainment and empowerment among the married women.

Mass media exposure and use of reversible modern contraceptives among married women in India: An analysis of the NFHS 2015-16 data.

Since the inception of the National Programme for Family Planning, messages on family planning (FP) have been promoted across India using different mass media platforms. Mass media plays an important role in disseminating important information among the masses, such as how reversible modern methods give women more reproductive choices than opting for permanent methods that limit their child-bearing capacity. Mass media can provide a continuous flow of information and motivation to deter women from discontinuing the methods they have opted for.

Not All Women Who Experience Side Effects Discontinue Their Contraceptive Method: Insights from a Longitudinal Study in India.

Side effects are a primary reason why women stop using contraception, even though they may still want to avoid a pregnancy. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the largest source of nationally representative data on contraceptive discontinuation, only asks women who discontinued a method their reasons for discontinuation, for which side effects is an option. Yet, side effects are also experienced by continued users.

Quality of care in sterilization services at the public health facilities in India: A multilevel analysis.

Female sterilization is the most popular contraceptive method among Indian couples, and the public sector is the major source of sterilization services in the country. However, concerns remain on the quality of services provided, deaths, failures, and complications following sterilization. In this paper, we study the complexities around the quality of care in female sterilization services at public health facilities and identify strategies for improving the measurement of such quality.

Client-provider interaction: understanding client experience with family planning service providers through the mystery client approach in India.

The benefits of employing a rights-based approach in family planning (FP) programmes have made the client's rights to informed choices and quality care an essential part of any such programme. client-provider interaction is one of the critical components of the quality of care (QoC) framework of FP. While several studies have assessed QoC in FP services in India, very few have focused on the in-depth assessment of the interaction between the client and the provider during service delivery.

Intrahousehold influence on contraceptive use among married Indian women: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey 2015-16.

Background: India, where more than one married woman of reproductive age often live in the same household, provides an ideal setting to promote family planning through intrahousehold influence.

Objectives: This study examined the association between use of modern contraceptives by young married women, and other married women live in the same household.

Methods: We included 31,361 currently married women of 15-24 years from women data of the National Family Health Survey 2015-16.

Health workers' outreach and intention to use contraceptives among married women in India.

Background: The influence of health workers on uptake of maternal healthcare services is well documented; however, their outreach for family planning (FP) services and influence on the intention to use contraceptives is less explored in the Indian context. This study examined the extent of health worker outreach for FP service and its effects on intention to use contraceptives among currently married women aged 15-49 years.

Methods: This study used data from two rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of India, conducted during 2005-06 and 2015-16 respectively.

Share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India.

Despite persistent efforts, unmet need for contraceptives in India has declined only slightly from 14% to 13% between 2005-06 and 2015-16. Many women using a family planning method discontinue it without switching to another method and continue to have unmet need. This study quantified the share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India.

Association between modern contraceptive use and child mortality in India: A calendar data analysis of the National Family Health Survey (2015-16).

Background: Influence of contraceptive use on increased gap between successive births and attributed reduced risk of child deaths is well documented in developing countries. However, there is scarcity of evidence on direct contribution of contraceptive use on child survival especially in Indian context.

Methods: Using information given in the reproductive calendar history of the National Family Health Survey of India conducted in 2015-16, this study examines the effect of modern contraceptive use on childhood mortality - infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR).

The relationship between attitudes towards pregnancy and contraceptive continuation: Results from a longitudinal study of married women in India.

To understand the relationship between pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use, a growing body of research has begun to examine various domains of women's attitudes towards pregnancy, acknowledging that these attitudes may contradict one another, and women may be ambivalent. This study examines pregnancy ambivalence and assesses the relationship between attitudes towards pregnancy and contraceptive continuation after nine months among a sample of women in Odisha and Haryana, India. Data come from a longitudinal study of married women age 15-49 who began using a modern reversible method of contraception at the time of study enrollment.

Infection prevention preparedness and practices for female sterilization services within primary care facilities in Northern India.

Background: In 2014, 16 women died following female sterilization operations in Bilaspur, a district in central India. In addition to those 16 deaths, 70 women were hospitalized for critical conditions (Sharma, Lancet 384,2014). Although the government of India's guidelines for female sterilization mandate infection prevention practices, little is known about the extent of infection prevention preparedness and practice during sterilization procedures that are part of the country's primary health care services.

Determinants of low birth weight in India: An investigation from the National Family Health Survey.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the change in prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) over the last decade in India and to identify its associated factors-biological, demographic, socio-economic, and programmatic.

Methods: We used the data from the National Family Health Survey of 2005-2006 (NFHS-3) and 2015-2016 (NFHS-4). The sample of this study included 11 300 children from NFHS-3 and 99 894 from NFHS-4 data; all these children were the last full-term singleton live-births, born within the last 3 years prior to the survey.

Spousal Violence Against Women in India: A Social-Ecological Analysis Using Data From the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016.

Even after enactment of the Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005, over the last 10 years, the rate of decline of prevalence of spousal violence against women has remained low in India. This study attempts to explain the experience of spousal violence using a social-ecological framework. We analyzed the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016 (NFHS-4) data of 66,013 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years.

Dietary Adequacy Among Young Children in India: Improvement or Stagnation? An Investigation From the National Family Health Survey.

Background: This study assessed the trend of minimum acceptable dietary practices among children aged 6 to 23 months in India in the past decade.

Methods: Data collected in the National Family Health Survey during 2005 to 2006 (NFHS-3) and 2015 to 2016 (NFHS-4) were used. The sample size for this study was 11 727 children for NFHS-3 and 61 158 children for NFHS-4.

Adding a Question About Method Switching to the Method Information Index Is a Better Predictor of Contraceptive Continuation.

Introduction: The Method Information Index (MII) is 1 of 18 core indicators used to monitor progress toward achieving Family Planning 2020's goal of 120 million more women using a modern method of family planning by 2020. The 3 questions of the MII are intended to measure informed choice at method initiation. Although routinely used in the Demographic and Health Surveys and the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 project in cross-sectional household surveys, the MII may not adequately reflect all key aspects of quality of care or predict contraceptive continuation.

Choice of contraceptive methods in public and private facilities in rural India.

Background: Client-centric quality of care (QoC) in family planning (FP) services are imperative for contraceptive method adoption and continuation. Less is known about the choice of contraceptive method in India beyond responses to the three common questions regarding method information, asked in demographic and health surveys. This study argues for appropriate measurement of method choice and assesses its levels and correlates in rural India.

Is economic inequality in family planning in India associated with the private sector?

This study examined the pattern of economic disparity in the modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) among women receiving contraceptives from the public and private health sectors in India, using data from all four rounds of the National Family Health Survey conducted between 1992-93 and 2015-16. The mCPR was measured for currently married women aged 15-49 years. A concentration index was calculated and a pooled binary logistic regression analysis conducted to assess economic disparity (by household wealth quintiles) in modern contraceptive use between the public and private health sectors.

Validation of Two Quality of Care Measures: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Reversible Contraceptive Users in India.

Bruce's quality of care framework, developed nearly three decades ago, brought needed international attention to family planning services. Various data collection efforts exist to measure the quality of contraceptive services. Our study validates two process quality measures and tests their predictive validity related to contraceptive continuation among 2,699 married women who started to use a reversible contraceptive method in India.

India's family planning market and opportunities for the private sector: An analysis using the total market approach.

The private (commercial) sector in India can complement public sector for family planning services, but the roadmap to engage these two sectors remains a challenge. The total market approach (TMA) offers a strategy by understanding the comparative advantage of public, commercial, and nonprofit sectors. We estimated TMA indicators using data of four rounds of the National Family Health Surveys: 1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06, and 2015-16.

Increasing knowledge of home based maternal and newborn care using self-help groups: Evidence from rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: In India, pregnant women and recently delivered mothers of marginalized communities in Uttar Pradesh (UP) remain un-reached by frontline-health-workers. In these communities, self-help groups (SHGs) have the potential to reach these women with knowledge of home-based maternal and newborn care (HBMNC).

Objective: The study examines the feasibility of SHGs to improve knowledge of HBMNC.