The Short and Long of COVID-19: A Review of Acute and Chronic Radiologic Pulmonary Manifestations of SARS-2-CoV and Their Clinical Significance.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia has had catastrophic effects worldwide. Radiology, in particular computed tomography (CT) imaging, has proven to be valuable in the diagnosis, prognostication, and longitudinal assessment of those diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. This article will review acute and chronic pulmonary radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia with an emphasis on CT and also highlighting histopathology, relevant clinical details, and some notable challenges when interpreting the literature.

The Short and Long of COVID-19: A Review of Acute and Chronic Radiologic Pulmonary Manifestations of SARS-2-CoV and Their Clinical Significance.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia has had catastrophic effects worldwide. Radiology, in particular computed tomography (CT) imaging, has proven to be valuable in the diagnosis, prognostication, and longitudinal assessment of those diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. This article will review acute and chronic pulmonary radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia with an emphasis on CT and also highlighting histopathology, relevant clinical details, and some notable challenges when interpreting the literature.

Photon-counting detector CT allows significant reduction in radiation dose while maintaining image quality and noise on non-contrast chest CT.

Purpose: To investigate if clinical non-contrast chest CT studies obtained with PCD CT using much lower radiation exposure can achieve the same image quality as with the currently established EID protocol.

Materials/methods: A total of seventy-one patients were identified who had a non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT) done on PCD CT and EID CT scanners within a 4-month interval. Five fellowship trained chest radiologists, blinded to the scanner details were asked to review the cases side-by-side and record their preference for images from either the photon-counting-detector (PCD) CT or the energy-integrating detector (EID) CT scanner.

Nocardia caishijiensis infection: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Nocardia caishijiensis is a rare soil actinomycete first described in Anhui province, China, in 2003. There has been only one reported instance of human infection caused by this species in the current literature.

Case Presentation: We present a case of pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia caishijiensis in a fifty-two-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus infection and concomitant use of high-dose dexamethasone for cervical myelopathy, treated successfully with amikacin and thrimetroprim-sulfametoxazole, antibiotic resistance pattern was obtained, although interpretation may be limited.

Comparative Evaluation of Choose Your Own Adventure and Traditional Linear Case Formats in Radiology Small Group Teaching.

Rationale And Objectives: We aim to compare Choose Your Own Adventure (CYOA) presentation format with linear case format as educational methods for teaching a radiology small group session to medical students.

Materials And Methods: A radiology small group session was held for preclinical second-year medical students in the pulmonary course, whereby eight classrooms of students and eight radiology facilitators were each randomized to do either the linear case format or the nonlinear CYOA presentation format. All students in attendance were administered a survey at the end of the session, which assessed students' perceptions using five-point Likert-type questions.

Management Strategies for Patients Presenting With Symptomatic Lymphadenopathy and Breast Edema After Recent COVID-19 Vaccination.

Ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy is a well-documented finding associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Varying guidelines have been published for the management of asymptomatic patients who have a history of recent vaccination and present with incidental lymphadenopathy at screening mammography. Some experts recommend follow-up imaging, and others suggest that clinical management, rather than repeat imaging or biopsy, is appropriate.

Severe Acute Cellular Rejection With High-Grade Lymphocytic Bronchiolitis Following Transition from Tacrolimus to Belatacept in a Lung Transplantation Recipient: A Case Report.

This case report describes a lung transplantation recipient who developed severe acute cellular rejection with high-grade lymphocytic bronchiolitis after transition to a calcineurin-free regimen using belatacept. A 53-year-old man who had undergone lung transplantation 3 years prior developed progressive chronic kidney disease related to tacrolimus. He was transitioned off tacrolimus to belatacept to prevent the need for dialysis.

The Role of Imaging in the Management of Suspected or Known COVID-19 Pneumonia. A Multidisciplinary Perspective.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an illness caused by a novel coronavirus that has rapidly escalated into a global pandemic leading to an urgent medical effort to better characterize this disease biologically, clinically, and by imaging. In this review, we present the current approach to imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia. We focus on the appropriate use of thoracic imaging modalities to guide clinical management.

The Role of Imaging in the Management of Suspected or Known COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.

COVID-19 is an illness caused by a novel coronavirus that has rapidly escalated into a global pandemic leading to an urgent medical effort to better characterize this disease biologically, clinically and by imaging. In this review, we present the current approach to imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia. We focus on the appropriate utilization of thoracic imaging modalities to guide clinical management.

Harnessing Augmented Reality and CT to Teach First-Year Medical Students Head and Neck Anatomy.

Rationale And Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been shown to benefit new generations of medical students and physicians-in-training in a variety of contexts. However, there is limited research directly comparing student performance after using 3D tools to those using two-dimensional (2D) screens.

Materials And Methods: A CT was performed on a donated cadaver and a 3D CT hologram was created.

Delayed-Phase Enhancement for Evaluation of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma on Computed Tomography: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Radiologic assessment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) on computed tomography (CT) imaging can be limited by similar attenuations of MPM and adjacent tissues. This can result in inaccuracies in defining the presence and extent of pleural tumor burden. We hypothesized that increasing the time delay for pleural enhancement will optimize discrimination between MPM and noncancerous tissues on CT.

Diagnosing dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus still requires Seattle protocol biopsy in the era of modern video endoscopy: results from a tertiary centre Barrett's dysplasia database.

The role of random, four-quadrant biopsy (i.e. systematic biopsy) in Barrett's oesophagus surveillance has been questioned given its drawbacks and the emergence of high-resolution endoscopy and advanced imaging modalities.

First-Year Radiology Residents Teaching Anatomy to First-Year Medical Students: A Symbiotic Relationship.

Objectives: Our institution has developed an educational program in which first-year radiology residents teach first-year medical students during gross anatomy laboratory sessions. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of this program on medical student knowledge and perceptions of radiology, and on resident attitudes toward teaching.

Materials And Methods: First-year resident pairs taught small groups of medical students during weekly 15-minute interactive sessions, and were evaluated on teaching skills by senior residents.

Patient-Centered and Specialty-Specific Case Work-Up: An Effective Method for Teaching Appropriateness of Imaging to Medical Students.

Rationale And Objectives: Our institution has developed a mini-course program within the diagnostic radiology elective curriculum that promotes active learning, using patient cases specifically tailored to students' future specialties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this mini-course on medical student knowledge of imaging appropriateness and attitude toward radiologist consultation.

Materials And Methods: During each month-long radiology elective course, students were divided into teams of up to four students based on their specialty interest and assigned recent patient cases with imaging findings relevant to their specialties.

Determinants of new wavefront locations in cholinergic atrial fibrillation.

Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AF) wavefront dynamics are complex and difficult to interpret, contributing to uncertainty about the mechanisms that maintain AF. We aimed to investigate the interplay between rotors, wavelets, and focal sources during fibrillation.

Methods And Results: Arrhythmia wavefront dynamics were analysed for four optically mapped canine cholinergic AF preparations.

Impact of Early Radiology Research Experiences on Medical Student Perceptions of Radiology and Research.

Rationale And Objectives: To promote opportunities for medical students to gain early exposure to radiology and research, our institution has initiated programs which fund summer radiology research projects for rising second-year medical students. This study assesses the impact of these faculty-mentored summer research experiences on medical student perceptions of radiology and research, in terms of both knowledge and interest.

Materials And Methods: A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to students both before and after the summer research period.

Radiologic Pseudoprogression during Anti-PD-1 Therapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Introduction: Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy can lead to unconventional tumor responses, including radiologic pseudoprogression. Here we have determined the real-world incidence of radiologic pseudoprogression in advanced NSCLC and compared radiologic response criteria for assessment of disease response.

Methods: The electronic medical records of all patients with NSCLC who were receiving anti-PD-1 therapy at our institution over a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed, and patients with clinically suspected radiologic pseudoprogression were identified.

Thoracic Imaging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Anti-programmed Death Receptor-1 Therapy.

Purpose: Treatment with anti-programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) therapeutics can lead to unconventional responses and side effect profiles due to their potentiating effects on the immune system. Here we evaluate the radiologic manifestations of anti-PD-1 therapy in the chest in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving anti-PD-1 therapy.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of real-world clinical practice was conducted of all the patients with NSCLC receiving anti-PD-1 therapy at our institution between 2013 and 2016.

The value of delayed phase enhanced imaging in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Background: Cross-sectional imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) can underestimate the presence of local tumor invasion. Since accurate staging is vital optimal choice of therapy, techniques that optimize pleural imaging are needed. Here we estimate the optimal timing of MPM enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Limited Utility of Pulmonary Nodule Risk Calculators for Managing Large Nodules.

Rationale And Objectives: The optimal management of large pulmonary nodules, at higher risk for lung cancer, has not been determined, and it remains unclear as to which patients should undergo follow-up imaging vs invasive tissue diagnosis via biopsy or surgical resection.

Materials And Methods: Through search of radiology reports, 86 nodules from our institution were identified using the inclusion criterion of solid nodules measuring greater than 8mm. We evaluated these nodules with a number of risk prediction calculators, including the Brock University model, and compared these against the proven diagnosis.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Role of Radiology in Diagnosis and Management.

Tuberculosis is a public health problem worldwide, including in the United States-particularly among immunocompromised patients and other high-risk groups. Tuberculosis manifests in active and latent forms. Active disease can occur as primary tuberculosis, developing shortly after infection, or postprimary tuberculosis, developing after a long period of latent infection.

Pathology of the Trachea and Central Bronchi.

A wide variety of disorders can affect the trachea and central bronchi. Computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of tracheobronchial disease. Tracheobronchial abnormalities are sometimes incidentally detected on routine imaging or when imaging is performed for another reason.