Unlocking the secrets of single extracellular vesicles by cutting-edge technologies.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), isolated through techniques such as liquid biopsy, have emerged as crucial biomarkers in various diseases, including cancer. EVs were dismissed initially as cellular debris, EVs are now recognized for their role in intercellular communication, carrying proteins, RNAs, and other molecules between cells. Their stability in biofluids and ability to mirror their parent cells' molecular composition make them attractive candidates for non-invasive diagnostics.

MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells: Implications for Radioresistance and Chemoresistance in Cancer Treatment.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression in cancer cells and Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), and play an indispensable role in the development of resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. The dysregulation of miRNAs in CSCs plays a vital role in influencing the features of CSCs and their resistance mechanisms in different forms of cancer. These miRNAs are also engaged in regulating important signaling pathways, such as Notch and Wnt, which have an impact on the behavior of CSCs and their response to treatment.

Noninvasive in vivo imaging of macrophages: understanding tumor microenvironments and delivery of therapeutics.

Macrophages are pivotal in the body's defense and response to inflammation. They are present in significant numbers and are widely implicated in various diseases, including cancer. While molecular and histological techniques have advanced our understanding of macrophage biology, their precise function within the cancerous microenvironments remains underexplored.

Emerging Strategies for Revascularization: Use of Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Artificial Nanovesicles in Critical Limb Ischemia.

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) poses a substantial and intricate challenge in vascular medicine, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address its multifaceted pathophysiology. Conventional revascularization approaches often fail to adequately address the complexity of CLI, necessitating the identification of alternative methodologies. This review explores uncharted territory beyond traditional therapies, focusing on the potential of two distinct yet interrelated entities: cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial nanovesicles.

Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review.

Heart failure (HF) is a widespread cardiovascular condition that poses significant risks to a wide spectrum of age groups and leads to terminal illness. Although our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HF has improved, the available treatments still remain inadequate. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial players in cardiac function, showing possibilities as potential targets for HF therapy.

Regulatory Small RNAs for a Sustained Eco-Agriculture.

Small RNA (sRNA) has become an alternate biotechnology tool for sustaining eco-agriculture by enhancing plant solidity and managing environmental hazards over traditional methods. Plants synthesize a variety of sRNA to silence the crucial genes of pests or plant immune inhibitory proteins and counter adverse environmental conditions. These sRNAs can be cultivated using biotechnological methods to apply directly or through bacterial systems to counter the biotic stress.