Two Polypyrimidine Tracts in Intron 4 of the Major Immediate Early Gene Are Critical for Gene Expression Switching from IE1 to IE2 and for Replication of Human Cytomegalovirus.

Unlabelled: The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate early (MIE) gene is essential for viral replication. The most abundant products encoded by the MIE gene include IE1 and IE2. Genes of IE1 and IE2 share the MIE promoter (MIEP), the first 3 exons, and the first 2 introns.

Kinetics during the redox biotransformation of pollutants mediated by immobilized and soluble humic acids.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the kinetic constraints during the redox biotransformation of the azo dye, Reactive Red 2 (RR2), and carbon tetrachloride (CT) mediated by soluble humic acids (HAs) and immobilized humic acids (HAi), as well as by the quinoid model compounds, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS). The microbial reduction of both HAs and HAi by anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) was the rate-limiting step during decolorization of RR2 since the reduction of RR2 by reduced HAi proceeded at more than three orders of magnitute faster than the electron-transferring rate observed during the microbial reduction of HAi by AGS. Similarly, the reduction of RR2 by reduced AQDS proceeded 1.

Immobilized humic substances on an anion exchange resin and their role on the redox biotransformation of contaminants.

A novel technique to immobilize humic substances (HS) on an anion exchange resin is presented. Immobilized HS were demonstrated as an effective solid-phase redox mediator (RM) during the reductive biotransformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and the azo model compound, Reactive Red 2 (RR2). Immobilized HS increased ∼4-fold the extent of CT reduction to chloroform by a humus-reducing consortium in comparison to incubations lacking HS.