Peripheral blood T lymphocytes are downregulated by the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in advanced gastric cancer.

Introduction: Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) function as an immune checkpoint pathway that can be exploited by tumor cells to evade immuno-surveillance. The precise role of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition of the immune response in GC is unknown. The study investigated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on peripheral T-cells and its potential association with clinicopathological features in gastric cancer (GC) patients.

Endoscopic removal of an impacted wooden toothpick in the wall of the sigmoid colon.

Most ingested foreign bodies usually pass through the gastrointestinal tract without any complications. Sharp foreign bodies such as a wooden toothpick may cause severe complications, leading to an acute abdomen. They may also cause mild, non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms without significant findings.

Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and cystic tumors based on own material and quoted literature.

Unlabelled: Pseudocysts constitute the most basic cystic lesions of the pancreas. Symptomatic cysts may be treated by means of both minimally invasive methods and surgery. Currently, it is believed that approximately 5% of cystic lesions in the pancreas may in fact, be neoplastic cystic tumors.