The Arabidopsis NIMIN proteins affect NPR1 differentially.

NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) is the central regulator of the pathogen defense reaction systemic acquired resistance (SAR). NPR1 acts by sensing the SAR signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) to induce expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes. Mechanistically, NPR1 is the core of a transcription complex interacting with TGA transcription factors and NIM1-INTERACTING (NIMIN) proteins.

NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1) and some NPR1-related proteins are sensitive to salicylic acid.

NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1; also known as NIM1) is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR is induced by salicylic acid (SA), leading to the expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes. Current evidence suggests that NPR1 is part of a transcription complex tethered to activation sequence-1 (as-1)-like cis-acting elements in PR-1 gene promoters through TGA transcription factors, and that SA-dependent PR-1 gene expression is regulated by NIM1-INTERACTING (NIMIN) proteins.

Tobacco NIMIN2 proteins control PR gene induction through transient repression early in systemic acquired resistance.

NPR1 (for Nonexpressor of PR genes; also known as NIM1) is a positive regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis, which controls the induction of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes by salicylic acid (SA). NPR1 interacts with members of two protein families, TGA transcription factors and NIMIN (for NIM1-interacting) proteins. In Arabidopsis, NIMIN1, NIMIN2 and NIMIN3 constitute a small gene family of structurally related, yet distinct members.

Epidemiologic aspects and laboratory features of enterovirus infections in Western Germany, 2000-2005.

From 2000 to 2005, a total of 1,096 enterovirus infections were diagnosed either by isolation of virus from cell culture or by RT-PCR (5'non-coding region (NCR)). Typing of viruses (n = 674) was carried out by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, neutralization test or molecular methods. Seasons with high enterovirus activity were characterized by high prevalence of echovirus 30 (62.

Sequence and annotation of the 288-kb ATCV-1 virus that infects an endosymbiotic chlorella strain of the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea.

Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus (ATCV-1), a prospective member of the family Phycodnaviridae, genus Chlorovirus, infects a unicellular, eukaryotic, chlorella-like green alga, Chlorella SAG 3.83, that is a symbiont in the heliozoon A. turfacea.

Comparison of 11 herpesvirus isolates from tortoises using partial sequences from three conserved genes.

Herpesviruses are an important cause of epidemic disease in tortoises. There are at least two serologically distinct herpesviruses capable of infecting tortoises. Methods for the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in tortoises include virus isolation and a number of different PCRs.

Isolation and characterization of a new type of chlorovirus that infects an endosymbiotic Chlorella strain of the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea.

A novel virus, named Acanthocystis turfacea Chlorella virus (ATCV), that infects endosymbiotic Chlorella algae of the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea was isolated from freshwater samples. Electron microscopic analysis of ATCV revealed that the viral capsid has a distinct icosahedral shape with a diameter of 140-190 nm. Filamentous structures extending from some of the virus vertices, which may aid attachment of the virus to host cells, were also observed.

Salicylic acid (SA)-dependent gene activation can be uncoupled from cell death-mediated gene activation: the SA-inducible NIMIN-1 and NIMIN-2 promoters, unlike the PR-1a promoter, do not respond to cell death signals in tobacco.

SUMMARY Tobacco pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of group 1 are induced during pathogen defence (hypersensitive response, HR, and systemic acquired resistance, SAR), after exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), and by developmental cues. Likewise, SA enhances transcripts for Arabidopsis NIMIN-1 and NIMIN-2, which interact with NPR1/NIM1, a key regulator of SAR. To further illuminate gene activation during pathogen defence, reporter gene expression from the NIMIN-1 and NIMIN-2 promoters was analysed in transgenic tobacco plants in direct comparison to PR-1 gene expression.

Salicylic acid and the hypersensitive response initiate distinct signal transduction pathways in tobacco that converge on the as-1-like element of the PR-1a promoter.

Tobacco pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR-1a) is induced in plants during the hypersensitive response (HR) after exposure of plants to salicylic acid (SA) and by developmental cues. Gene activation by these diverse stimuli is mediated via an as-1-like element in the PR-1a upstream region. To further analyze the significance of this cis-acting sequence, an authentic as-1 element from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter was inserted into the PR-1a promoter in place of the as-1-like motif.

Molecular characterization of an Enterovirus 71 causing neurological disease in Germany.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is mainly known as a cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) but sometimes associated with neurological disease, even as fatal brainstem encephalitis. In Europe, EV71 infections are extremely rare, in contrast to the worldwide situation. This is the first report of molecular characterization of an EV71 strain isolated in Europe that had caused neurological disease.