Hippocampal subregional volume changes in elders classified using positron emission tomography-based Alzheimer's biomarkers of β-amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration.

Changes in hippocampal subfield volumes (HSV) along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum have been scarcely investigated to date in elderly subjects classified based on the presence of β-amyloid aggregation and signs of neurodegeneration. We classified patients (either sex) with mild dementia compatible with AD (n = 35) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 39), and cognitively unimpaired subjects (either sex; n = 26) using [ C]PIB-PET to assess β-amyloid aggregation (A+) and [ F]FDG-PET to account for neurodegeneration ((N)+). Magnetic resonance imaging-based automated methods were used for HSV and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measurements.

18F-FDG PET/CT Osteometabolic Activity in Metastatic Parathyroid Carcinoma.

Parathyroid cancer is an uncommon type of malignancy, which is frequently associated with poor prognosis. Clinical manifestations are caused by elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Diagnostic imaging studies as neck ultrasonography, technetium Tc Tc-sestamibi whole body scintigraphy, CT, and MR are already established tools for this malignancy.

Effects of Aerobic Training on Cognition and Brain Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background: Aerobic training (AT) is a promising intervention for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective: To evaluate the effects of AT on cognition and regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) in MCI patients.

Methods: Subjects performed a twice-a-week, moderate intensity, AT program for 24 weeks.

Effects of Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner (EndoBarrier®) on Gastric Emptying in Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

Introduction: The duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) is a promising technique for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, despite promising results, its mechanism of action has not been elucidated. It is thought to promote changes in gastric emptying owing to the neuro-endocrine axis.

Changes in neuropsychological tests and brain metabolism after bariatric surgery.

Context: The mechanisms by which obesity alters the cerebral function and the effect of weight loss on the brain have not been completely clarified.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of bariatric surgery on the cognitive function and cerebral metabolism.

Design: Seventeen obese women were studied prior to and 24 weeks after bariatric surgery using neuropsychological tests and positron emission tomography.

Long-term lithium treatment reduces glucose metabolism in the cerebellum and hippocampus of nondemented older adults: an [¹⁸F]FDG-PET study.

Lithium modulates several intracellular pathways related to neuroplasticity and resilience against neuronal injury. These properties have been consistently reported in experimental models, and involve the up-regulation of neurotrophic response and autophagy, and down-regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Clinical and epidemiological studies in bipolar disorder show that acute treatment with lithium increases plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and long-term treatment lowers the risk of dementia.

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with prominent neuropsychiatric apathy.

The spectrum of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes has increased with the description of encephalitis associated with antibodies against cell surface and synaptic proteins. Subacute cognitive impairment, movement disorders, late onset epilepsy and neuropsychiatric syndromes were recently linked to paraneoplastic encephalitis. Despite that, probably some syndromes and antibodies are yet to be reported.