Histopathological changes of mice tissues in course of the envenomation by the Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom and the neutralizing effect of the ovine-derived experimental antivenom.

Viper bites pose a significant public health issue in Armenia, even within urban areas, often resulting in clotting disorders, hypofibrinogenemia, and tissue necrosis in humans. This study investigates histopathological changes in various tissues during mice envenomation by West-Asian blunt-nosed viper (Macrovipera lebetina obtusa) venom, as well as the recovery process aided by experimental antivenom derived from sheep. The high venom dose caused substantial damage to the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys in mice, indicating systemic harm.

Evaluation of the therapeutic action of original antiviral drug in SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of this article is to study the possible direct antiviral effect of "Armenikum" on SARS-CoV-2, conduct an in vitro study on the SARS-CoV-2 encephalomocarditis virus, and an in vivo study on the Syrian hamster model. Human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (delta strain) was used as the virus. Two groups of four-specimen hamsters were used to study the therapeutic activity of the drug during 48 h after infecting.

A post-earthquake psychopathological investigation in Armenia: methodology, summary of findings, and follow-up.

The post-earthquake psychopathological investigation (PEPSI) was designed to probe the short-and long-term effects of the earthquake in northern Armenia on 7 December 1988 on survivors' mental and physical health. Four phases of this study have been conducted to date, and, overall, more than 80 per cent of a sub-sample of 1,773 drawn from an initial cohort of 32,743 was successfully followed during 2012. This paper describes the methodology employed in the evaluation, summarises previous findings, details the current objectives, and examines the general characteristics of the sample based on the most recent follow-up phase outcomes.

Functional dyspepsia impacts absenteeism and direct and indirect costs.

Background & Aims: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common morbid condition but data are limited on the direct and indirect costs for employees with FD or on its impact on productivity. Few data on absenteeism and no objective information are available. This study aimed to assess the impact of FD on costs and effects on absenteeism and work output (productivity).

Effect of antihypertensive medication adherence among employees with hypertension.

Objectives: To determine if antihypertensive medication adherence is associated with decreased medical and drug costs, medical service utilization, and work absence days.

Study Design: Retrospective database study using medical, pharmacy, sick leave, short-term and long-term disability, and workers' compensation claims data from multiple large US employers from 2001 to 2008.

Methods: We used medical and pharmacy claims to identify employees with hypertension.

Burden of fibromyalgia and comparisons with osteoarthritis in the workforce.

Objectives: To calculate the fibromyalgia (FM) burden of illness (BOI) from the employer perspective and to compare annual prevalence, work output, absence, and health benefit costs of employees with FM versus osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Retrospective regression model analysis comparing objective work output, total health benefit (health care, prescription drug, sick leave, disability, workers' compensation) costs, and absence days for FM, versus OA and NoFM cohorts, while controlling for differences in patient characteristics.

Results: FM prevalence was 0.

Incremental employee health benefit costs, absence days, and turnover among employees with ADHD and among employees with children with ADHD.

Objective: To assess employer economic burden of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for employees with ADHD and employee caregivers of children with ADHD.

Methods: A large multi-employer database was used to compare: 1) employees diagnosed with ADHD versus employees without ADHD and 2) employee caregivers of children with ADHD versus employee caregivers of children without ADHD. Regression modeling compared many employer-relevant outcomes.

Health benefit costs and absenteeism due to insomnia from the employer's perspective: a retrospective, case-control, database study.

Objective: To objectively assess the economic impact of insomnia on direct medical and prescription costs and indirect absence-related salary replacement costs and on absences and to compare the prevalence and costs of comorbidities in employees with and without insomnia.

Method: A retrospective analysis was performed on employee data from the Human Capital Management Services Research Reference Database (January 2001-September 2007). Employees were identified as having insomnia (ICD-9 criteria) based on history of receiving medications used to treat insomnia or physician's diagnosis of insomnia.

Absenteeism and health-benefit costs among employees with MS.

Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to assess the differences in lost time and health-benefit costs (HBCs) among employees treated with disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS).

Study Design: Employees with an MS diagnostic code (ICD-9 340.xx) and a DMT prescription claim (1/1/2001-6/30/2007) were identified from the HCMS Research Reference Database and assigned to DMT cohorts.

The impact of morbid obesity and bariatric surgery on comorbid conditions: a comprehensive examination of comorbidities in an employed population.

Objective: Find conditions with significantly different prevalence among employees diagnosed with morbid obesity (DMO). Examine the effect of bariatric surgery on the prevalence of all categories of comorbid conditions after surgery.

Methods: This large employer retrospective database analysis used matching to create two cohorts: Those with a DMO and those without.

The impact of gout on work absence and productivity.

Objective: The goal of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of gout, a painful inflammatory arthritis condition, on an employed population's health-related work absence and objectively measured productivity output.

Methods: Payroll, demographic, medical, pharmaceutical, sick leave, short- and long-term disability, and workers' compensation data were collected from multiple large employers with employees widely dispersed across the United States. Data were collected during the time period of 2001 to 2004 from approximately 300,000 employees.

Metabolic syndrome-related conditions among people with and without gout: prevalence and resource use.

Objective: A cohort of employees with gout were compared to those without to evaluate the differences in prevalence of disorders associated with metabolic syndrome (both those considered underlying and those associated with end-stage morbidity and mortality) as well as the cost of annual medical services (AMS) required for treatment of these conditions.

Methods: Employees with gout were identified by International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) code during the calendar years of 2001-2004 and compared to propensity-score matched employees without gout using the Human Capital Management Services Research Reference Database. T-tests were then used to compare prevalence and average AMS of comorbid disorders defined from Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (AHRQ) diagnostic categories.

The economic burden of gout on an employed population.

Objective: To examine the economic burden of illness of gout in an employed population, quantifying the impact on employers annual health benefit costs for medical and prescription claims, sick leave, short- and long-term disability, and workers' compensation.

Methods: Adjudicated claims data from 300000 employees from 2001 through 2004 were utilized. T-tests were used to compare demographic data and medical costs and services by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) diagnostic categories.

Risk factors for depression in the survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia.

Most studies of psychopathology following disasters are concerned with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present analyses sought to assess the rate and determinants of depression in adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Unlike previous studies of earthquakes, the present analyses derive from a well-defined cohort of survivors who underwent diagnostic interviewing to characterize psychiatric morbidity.